Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things

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used resources has the largest contribution to the selected KPI. The impact from resources stems from their production and the transport to the location where they are used (i.e. impact is based on LCA results for the resources). Direct emissions occurring in the supply chain are also presented. 3.2 Environmental benefits The environmental KPIs should be viewed as a tool for the industrial user to enhance the company's environmental management and thus taking an active part in contributing to environmental protection. As such, the tool brings great potential benefits. The actual magnitude of the environmental benefits for an industrial user depends on the involvement and interest of the personnel. Company policies can play an important role. A company with a clearly stated policy for environmental management, with the goal to reduce its impact on the environment, has already the necessary incentive to motivate the personnel into active use of the KPIs. In order for a company to take actions towards a more environmental friendly production, the first step is to assess the current environmental impact of the product. When this is known, potential improvements can be identified and actions can be taken. The current status of environmental impact is documented in the initial inventory that precedes the configuration of KPIs in Traceability Services. The industrial user can then follow-up on the KPIs in the TS and benchmark against the inventory results, aiming for improved production compared to the annual averages that were the outcome of the initial inventory. The important extra benefit from a more detailed follow up on the environmental performance is the possibility to study and take action on variation over time. Allocation of KPIs to individual items, such as logs and boards, which is the novel idea developed in Indisputable Key adds an extra dimension to the production control and refinement. The information collected in the traceability system enables a continuous improvement and fine-tuning of the production stages. The methodology developed in Indisputable Key, which introduces traceability in the wood supply chain and a tool for calculating environmental KPIs, has a major advantage in preventing the risk of sub-optimisation caused by overlooking effects in other parts of the supply chain. Traceability enables the complete view of the entire supply chain, as exemplified in Figure 4.9-7. With this kind of information available, the industry can easily identify which parts of the supply chain are the "hot spots" with respect to the environmental impacts monitored by the KPIs. Collaborative action can then be taken by the actors in the supply chain to reduce the impact, starting with the most critical stages. CO2 eq. CO2 eq. CO2 eq. Figure 4.9-7: Information about direct emissions contributing to the KPI Climate Change (in the unit CO2 equivalents) from production of a window frame is collected from the different stages in the supply chain. The tracked item is illustrated with the colour red. The total value for the window frame consists of the contribution from harvesting, transport from the forest to the saw mill, production of boards at the saw mill, transport from the saw mill to the secondary manufacturer and finally production of a window frame. The system architecture developed in Indisputable Key creates a link between the final product and its origin. This makes it possible to trace information up-streams in the supply chain all the way to the harvesting of the tree. In other words, the origin of a wood product (e.g. when and where the tree was cut) is possible to read from the traceability system. This feature can help prevent illegal cutting and it can provide the information needed to guarantee that a product is made from wood coming from certified forests. CO2 eq. CO2 eq. CO2 eq. Tot CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 172
The environmental KPIs harmonize with the required content of an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), thus facilitating the creation of EPDs for the products of the industrial user. EPDs describe the environmental characteristics of a product or a service from a life cycle perspective. The overall goal is to provide relevant, verified and comparable information to meet the customer and market needs. An EPD can be used for benchmarking the product against other products that could serve the same purpose. In a time with increasing environmental awareness, the fact that a product or service is “green” creates added values amongst the customers. Active monitoring and control of the environmental impact of production has the additional advantage that it can raise attention to process improvements that might otherwise be overlooked. The fact that the KPIs take into account the environmental burden from manufacturing of resources used by the wood products industry (e.g. electricity, diesel and glue) makes it possible to detect excessive use of external resources. Limiting the use of resources has a positive effect on the environment as well as the economy of production, which is sometimes of higher priority for the industrial user. 4 Conclusion Novel technology for traceability in the forest and wood industry was developed; pulping compatible UHF transponders for log marking, robust RFID readers for harvesters and saw mills and Traceability Services software. Traceability Services connects the steps of the supply chain together and allows new methods to analyze the performance of the whole chain and any process, service and or product within. The traceability system and its benefits are to be demonstrated in 2010 in a complete forest supply chain in Sweden. Indisputable Key has provided the tools necessary for the wood industry to become more proactive with respect to environmental protection. Monitoring of environmental KPIs makes it possible to achieve the following advantages for the industrial user: Status of environmental performance Detection of potential improvements Basis for optimisation of environmental impact On-line monitoring and control of environmental impact Environmental benchmarking Environmental management Marketing purposes such as EPDs or support for eco-labelling The magnitude of the achieved benefits are very much dependant on the industrial users engagement and interest in making use of the developed technology. 5 References [1] EPCglobal, “EPC Information Services (EPCIS) Version 1.0.1 Specification,” EPCglobal Ratified Standard, September 2007,http://www.epcglobalinc.org/standards/epcis/epcis_1_0_1-standard- 20070921.pdf. [2] EPCglobal, “EPCglobal Reader Protocol Standard, Version 1.1,” EPCglobal Ratified Standard, June 2006, http://www.epcglobalinc.org/standards/rp/rp_1_1-standard- 20060621.pdf. [3] Holistic Integrated Process Control (HIPCON), EU FP6 project, NMP STRP 505467-1, http://www.hipcon.org. [4] Erlandsson M, Nilsson S, Nilsson Å (2008): White paper - How to gain from measuring environmental impact from wood products, available at http://www.indisputablekey.com. CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 173
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Vision and Challenges for Realising
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Foreword Vision and Challenges for
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Table of contents Foreword Vision a
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1 Organization ....................
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Chapter 1 The Internet of Things
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1 Origin of the concept of "Interne
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2.1 Research perspective Today the
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(RFID), Near Field Communication (N
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According to SRI Consulting Busines
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Security and software Human interfa
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According to ISTAG, technical resea
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ties can be grouped around two axes
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emerging uses and services, and lau
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Chapter 2 The CERP-IoT Cluster
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floor, and other things happening i
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eral solutions have emerged, either
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Acronym Project Title Coordinator H
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Chapter 3 Strategic Research Agenda
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Safety, Security and Privacy, Envi
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dynamically extended and improved b
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Domain 1 Fundamental characteristic
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T he concept of Internet of Things
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The vehicle itself is also consider
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technology should foster a communit
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Every day millions of people move u
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3.3 Technologies supporting the Int
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The traffic in the Internet of Thin
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Coverage - sparse, dense or redunda
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IoT will create new services and ne
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including the virtual counterparts
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Issues to be addressed: Event-driv
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competitive marketplace that benefi
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equired for IoT applications. Such
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ility of things in their acting wil
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Acknowledgements Many colleagues ha
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T eams from research projects and i
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should help brand owners to find th
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3.1 Authentication Features For eac
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4 Business Process Integration Seam
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4.2 Challenges for Usage of Network
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esent one step in the supply chain,
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A reaction of things could be trigg
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Table 4.2-1: Application Case Featu
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NDEI- Service InformationBrokerage
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7 References [Barry02] Barry, Dougl
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data to a central server. When used
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The smart retail concept holds simi
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6 Acknowledgment The authors would
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Nevertheless, the majority of exist
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To implement this service, case and
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moving it from the reader’s anten
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The servers can process requests in
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web client. The solution largely re
Page 122 and 123: ently, establishing transparency ac
Page 124 and 125: Kourouthanassis, P., & Roussos, G.
Page 126 and 127: The importance of identity manageme
Page 128 and 129: Middleware and other software devel
Page 130 and 131: 1.2 Objectives The objective of the
Page 132 and 133: Air interfaces still do have differ
Page 134 and 135: 4.2.3 ITU-T ITU is the United Natio
Page 136 and 137: The report's conclusion highlights
Page 138 and 139: made significant progress on the de
Page 140 and 141: Finally, a more theoretical researc
Page 142 and 143: monitoring that manufactured goods
Page 144 and 145: worked RFID technology for various
Page 146 and 147: tually sold, at which moment in tim
Page 148 and 149: Business case analysis: Two busines
Page 150 and 151: of far field and near field UHF tag
Page 152 and 153: The manufacturing pilot provided sy
Page 154 and 155: also coming from distributed electr
Page 156 and 157: The ASPIRE architecture identifies
Page 158 and 159: ASPIRE Innovative filtering solutio
Page 160 and 161: 3.2 Semantic Device Discovery and O
Page 162 and 163: Concretely, Hydra uses web services
Page 165 and 166: 4.9 Usage of RFID in the Forest & W
Page 167 and 168: sufficiently long and consistent re
Page 169 and 170: The purpose of Traceability Service
Page 171: An overview of the LCA procedure, c
Page 176 and 177: 5. Involving a large number of Memb
Page 178 and 179: Maintain a roadmap of the relevant
Page 180 and 181: 4 Members The RACE networkRFID comm
Page 182 and 183: EPoSS has close links with other ET
Page 184 and 185: Social context Surrounding people
Page 186 and 187: 2.5 Interoperability It is common k
Page 188 and 189: fraction of the time. RFID technolo
Page 190 and 191: The middleware solutions for these
Page 193 and 194: T he AmI-4-SME project is addressin
Page 195 and 196: BRIDGE (Building Radio frequency ID
Page 197 and 198: T oday’s Internet is rapidly evol
Page 199 and 200: T he CoBIs project developed a radi
Page 201 and 202: C uteLoop has the strategic objecti
Page 203 and 204: T he DiY Smart Experiences project
Page 205 and 206: T he project objectives of DYNA- MI
Page 207 and 208: epresentatives of the Member States
Page 209 and 210: Approach The EURIDICE platform will
Page 211 and 212: T he first objective of the Hydra p
Page 213 and 214: This will produce new inputs to set
Page 215 and 216: IMS2020 strives for strengthening i
Page 217 and 218: L eapfrog is a joint research and i
Page 219 and 220: F easibility study for an improved
Page 221 and 222: R FID will form the basis of better
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T he SMART project employees RFID t
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T he StoLPaN project aims to define
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T he recently completed three-year
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Expected Impact WALTER is aimed at
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