Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things

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4 Business Process Integration Seamless integration of product authentication is important since it minimizes the costs associated with extending the involved systems and performing the authentication during usual business operations. The field trials within the SToP project have demonstrated how this can be achieved in various settings. As a first example, consider the processing of orders in a warehouse (Figure 3), where multiple packages are bundled together for outbound shipping. During bundling, items are checked using RFID tags (including background checks on the item’s status). The worker gets immediate visual and acoustic feedback about the result of the check such that the workflow is only interrupted in case a non-authenticable item occurs. Outbound Inbound Prepared order Packing order Finishing order Bulk checking Figure 4.1-3: Outbound and inbound checking at a warehouse Using an RFID gate, a complete bundle of items can be checked. This, however, is not completely reliable with the RFID technology (HF) being used. There are also other issues related to the use of RFID. For example, during bundling false reads can occur due to the long range of RFID readers. This can be mitigated by designing the workplace appropriately. The checks ensure that only authenticated goods are handled within the warehouse. Inbound checking is necessary if a number of external suppliers are shipping goods to the warehouse. Outbound checking is important for quality assurance and the foundation for further tracking down the supply chain. Inbound Prepared order Scan order slip Register products Finish order Figure 4.1-4: Inbound process in a pharmacy The second example is a similar process in a pharmacy (Figure 4.1-4). Due to space restrictions, a small-range RFID reader is being used, which excludes false reads but requires more precise handling. The check provides immediate feedback on the authenticity of the goods and additional data, such as expiry dates. Inbound checking is preferable in this environment, since the pharmacist is interested in securing the internal processes at the pharmacy. An additional check at the point of sales is therefore not required. It is feared that such a check would erode the trust of customers in the pharmacy. 5 Summary Technologies for automatic identification are the basis for a seamless interaction of goods handling processes with IT systems. The reading of an identifier from an object can trigger a process in the “virtual world”, which in turn provides feedback to the physical world. This simple mechanism can be enriched with further attributes of a physical object and information about the status of the virtual representation of such an object. For example, an attribute can be provided by cryptographic authentication of an item, which establishes the presence of a secret key. Another example is the presence of a certain pattern on the item, which is established by a visual reading. Complementary to this information gathered from the physical world is the associated status information that is represented in the virtual world. By matching cryptographic data or the captured pattern data with its internal database, an IT-based service establishes the authenticity of an item. Technically, seamless integration of the physical world and the virtual world is challenging, for example, due to limitations of wireless communications, or since implementing a secure authentication mechanism with computationally limited devices is hard. Moreover, there are CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 90
practical issues when handling augmented objects, and no single identification technology is universally suitable for any kind of items. This poses difficulties for the implementation of these technologies in a business environment. Extensive testing and evaluations are usually required before a technology is chosen. The SToP project has demonstrated how IT-based systems, Internet connectivity, and automatic identification can be used in business settings to establish a system for product authentication. Seamless integration in business processes can be achieved, thus making it possible to secure supply chains and minimize the availability of counterfeits. Ultimately, this should lead to a high detection rate of counterfeit articles and thus reduce illicit actors’ financial incentives to engage in the counterfeit business altogether. CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 91
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Vision and Challenges for Realising
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Foreword Vision and Challenges for
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Table of contents Foreword Vision a
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1 Organization ....................
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Chapter 1 The Internet of Things
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1 Origin of the concept of "Interne
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2.1 Research perspective Today the
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(RFID), Near Field Communication (N
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According to SRI Consulting Busines
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Security and software Human interfa
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According to ISTAG, technical resea
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ties can be grouped around two axes
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emerging uses and services, and lau
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Chapter 2 The CERP-IoT Cluster
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floor, and other things happening i
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eral solutions have emerged, either
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Acronym Project Title Coordinator H
Page 39: Chapter 3 Strategic Research Agenda
Page 42 and 43: Safety, Security and Privacy, Envi
Page 44 and 45: dynamically extended and improved b
Page 46 and 47: Domain 1 Fundamental characteristic
Page 49 and 50: T he concept of Internet of Things
Page 51 and 52: The vehicle itself is also consider
Page 53 and 54: technology should foster a communit
Page 55 and 56: Every day millions of people move u
Page 57 and 58: 3.3 Technologies supporting the Int
Page 59 and 60: The traffic in the Internet of Thin
Page 61 and 62: Coverage - sparse, dense or redunda
Page 63 and 64: IoT will create new services and ne
Page 65 and 66: including the virtual counterparts
Page 67: Issues to be addressed: Event-driv
Page 70 and 71: competitive marketplace that benefi
Page 72 and 73: equired for IoT applications. Such
Page 74 and 75: ility of things in their acting wil
Page 76 and 77: Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
Page 82 and 83: Acknowledgements Many colleagues ha
Page 84 and 85: T eams from research projects and i
Page 86 and 87: should help brand owners to find th
Page 88 and 89: 3.1 Authentication Features For eac
Page 93 and 94: 4.2 Challenges for Usage of Network
Page 95 and 96: esent one step in the supply chain,
Page 97 and 98: A reaction of things could be trigg
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2-1: Application Case Featu
Page 101 and 102: NDEI- Service InformationBrokerage
Page 103: 7 References [Barry02] Barry, Dougl
Page 106 and 107: data to a central server. When used
Page 108 and 109: The smart retail concept holds simi
Page 110 and 111: 6 Acknowledgment The authors would
Page 112 and 113: Nevertheless, the majority of exist
Page 114 and 115: To implement this service, case and
Page 116 and 117: moving it from the reader’s anten
Page 118 and 119: The servers can process requests in
Page 120 and 121: web client. The solution largely re
Page 122 and 123: ently, establishing transparency ac
Page 124 and 125: Kourouthanassis, P., & Roussos, G.
Page 126 and 127: The importance of identity manageme
Page 128 and 129: Middleware and other software devel
Page 130 and 131: 1.2 Objectives The objective of the
Page 132 and 133: Air interfaces still do have differ
Page 134 and 135: 4.2.3 ITU-T ITU is the United Natio
Page 136 and 137: The report's conclusion highlights
Page 138 and 139: made significant progress on the de
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Finally, a more theoretical researc
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monitoring that manufactured goods
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worked RFID technology for various
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tually sold, at which moment in tim
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Business case analysis: Two busines
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of far field and near field UHF tag
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The manufacturing pilot provided sy
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also coming from distributed electr
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The ASPIRE architecture identifies
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ASPIRE Innovative filtering solutio
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3.2 Semantic Device Discovery and O
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Concretely, Hydra uses web services
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4.9 Usage of RFID in the Forest & W
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sufficiently long and consistent re
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The purpose of Traceability Service
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An overview of the LCA procedure, c
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The environmental KPIs harmonize wi
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5. Involving a large number of Memb
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Maintain a roadmap of the relevant
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4 Members The RACE networkRFID comm
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EPoSS has close links with other ET
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Social context Surrounding people
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2.5 Interoperability It is common k
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fraction of the time. RFID technolo
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The middleware solutions for these
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T he AmI-4-SME project is addressin
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BRIDGE (Building Radio frequency ID
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T oday’s Internet is rapidly evol
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T he CoBIs project developed a radi
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C uteLoop has the strategic objecti
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T he DiY Smart Experiences project
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T he project objectives of DYNA- MI
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epresentatives of the Member States
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Approach The EURIDICE platform will
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T he first objective of the Hydra p
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This will produce new inputs to set
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IMS2020 strives for strengthening i
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L eapfrog is a joint research and i
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F easibility study for an improved
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R FID will form the basis of better
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T he SMART project employees RFID t
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T he StoLPaN project aims to define
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T he recently completed three-year
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Expected Impact WALTER is aimed at
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