Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things

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Finally, a more theoretical research was conducted, with the goal of pushing the limit of how many tags a reader can read each second. This number is limited by the anti-collision protocols. Since all tags communicate with the reader using the same protocol, the reader can only communicate with one tag at a time, and needs to employ a multiple-access strategy, similar to those employed in other one-to-many networks, to resolve collisions. The use of Blind Signal Separation (BSS) algorithms was shown to allow a single reader to communicate simultaneously with up to four tags. For this, readers would have to be equipped with at least four RF front-ends. Each of these receives a different mix of the signals from the four tags. The role of the BSS algorithm is to separate the response from each individual tag. Once this is done, the reader can also communicate back to the four tags simultaneously. The third area of research demonstrated the use of RFID for building smart-object systems. First, the smart-shelf prototype was equipped with algorithms to use the RFID antennae to manage a stock of books in a store, locating them precisely on the shelf, sending out-of-stock alerts, and producing lists of misplaced items. Second, the smart-object paradigm was applied to the remote servicing of heavy equipment and industrial assets. For this a lab prototype of a washing machine was built, making use of RFID readers and sensors to detect malfunction (over-heating, vibration, water leaks), misuse (wrong washing program for the clothes in the load), use of non-original spare parts, as well as sending warnings when specific parts needed servicing or replacement. A web-based platform was developed to remotely control all of these functions, demonstrating how RFID could dramatically improve the quality and efficiency of the management of a large and geographically disperse fleet of machines (washing machines, vending machines, vehicles, agricultural and mining equipment, etc.). In summary, BRIDGE research has helped advance the state-of-the art of RFID hardware with a set of prototypes ready for industrialization; promising concepts that require further research in the laboratory; and with some theoretical results. Some of these deliverables will be patented and some will be exploited commercially. 2.2 Serial level lookup services / Discovery Services Here the focus was on the design and prototyping of a Discovery Service, one of the missing elements of the EPCglobal Network architecture, namely network services for finding source of information about individual objects within open supply chains. This role is complementary to EPC Information Services (EPCIS) and the Object Naming Service (ONS) functionalities; EPCIS provides a standard mechanism for exchange of serial-level information between parties who already know the addresses of each other's EPCIS services, while ONS currently provides a class-level lookup service to indicate authoritative resources, such as those provided by the manufacturer or issuer of the identifier. Discovery Services allow multiple entities to create a link between a specific unique ID and their information resource in order to indicate that they hold information about that ID to clients who query Discovery Services. Because the relationships indicated by such links can reveal commercially sensitive information about volumes and flow patterns of goods, authentication and access control are key aspects of Discovery Services that are not required for ONS query clients nor specified in the existing EPCIS standard. Discovery Services are a key enabler for track and trace applications with a tremendous potential impact on supply chains especially in highly regulated sectors like food or pharmaceuticals, where traceability information can improve safety for consumers. They also have great value for developing the Internet of Things, as networked nodes (e.g. information resources, devices, smart objects, sensors and actuators) would need to announce themselves and discover other nodes for sharing capabilities, resources and services. An initial survey with potential users was launched for a four month period. Results revealed a lack of confidence with open supply chain models and concern about sharing information without knowing exactly who would later on access information from Discovery Services. These concerns became the main requirement for Discovery Services and led to minimising the amount of information stored about each resource; Discovery Service basic records would include only pointers to sources of information enabling whoever uses this service to discover the source address, but not releasing detailed information, thereby enabling each company to control access. This early principle was further enhanced in collaboration with the security work package, resulting in the development of a security framework for EPC Network, including EPCIS and future Discovery Services. A number of design models were evaluated, considering issues such as latency, performance, access control and security as well as ability to link to multiple kinds of resources - not only EPCIS services. In one design, a Discovery Service acts as a proxy, forwarding queries down to resources, allowing ad hoc access control decisions. However, aside from security another CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 140
important requirement for Discovery Services is the ability to provide synchronous responses to queries, which is difficult for this kind of model. Therefore, a synchronous model, the directory of resources, was selected as the first candidate for prototyping, using Web Services technology and LDAP as the search engine and repository. Who has information on tag 123? Directory Service EPC-IS registrations with DS EPC 456 Client queries DS Client DS EPC-IS 1 EPC-IS 2 Data XXX 1 EPC 123 4 2 5 Data YYY EPC 123 123 EPC 456 123 123 3 EPC 123 Resource EPC IS-2 EPC IS-3 Results returned from DS Resource EPC IS-1 EPC IS-2 EPC IS-3 EPC-IS 3 Data ZZZ EPCIS Repository http http Sniffer Filtering SOAP http http IS-DS Interface EPCIS Capture Interface http EPCIS http Publish Application DS Query Application SOAP SOAP DS-Query Interface Query Proxy Layer DS Repository Publish Proxy Layer SOAP DS-Publish Interface Figure 4.7-3: Directory of resources model. Right: Discovery Service prototype components, integrated to Fosstrack open source EPCIS implementation This prototype was developed and deployed, and today is in operation and accessible to BRIDGE members for trials, further development and integration with the security framework developed within the scope of WP4. In addition, the Discovery Service prototype source code is being distributed under a Lesser General Public License (LGPL), in order to increase interest from the research community. Various organizations have shown interest in the BRIDGE prototype of Discovery Services including BRIDGE members such as GS1 France, SAP, BT, Bénédicta and Sony and also external parties like Afilias, GS1 Norway and even other EU projects like iSURF led by Intel. For usability purposes, demo applications for publishing were developed together with the open source software. The group has communicated its work to other research groups and projects and pro-actively contributed its work to standardization activities on Discovery Services within GS1 EPCglobal and the IETF. Members of the BRIDGE team have taken a leading role within the EPCglobal DD JRG to develop a comprehensive user requirements document and it is expected that a technical work group for discovery services will be chartered within GS1 EPCglobal before the end of 2009 and that members of this work package will continue to play an active role in the development of open and extensible technical standards for Discovery Services and related services that are so important for the Future Internet and Internet of Things. 2.3 Serial level supply chain control / Track & Trace Analytics Although Discovery Services are a useful architecture component for enabling improved supply chain visibility, they are not fully fledged track and trace applications and essentially answer two very simply low-level query criteria, namely: where can I find information about this EPC? notify me of any additional future providers of information about this EPC? The work was designed to be complementary to the previous work package, leveraging the Discovery Services work but bridging the gap to provide support for more business-friendly queries about track & trace and supply chain control, while leveraging the benefits of being able to follow individual uniquely identified objects as they move through supply chains or product lifecycles, without requiring business users to know the details of how to interact with EPCIS repositories or Discovery Services. The first work package deliverable, "Serial Level Inventory Tracking Model", described how to gather event information from across a supply chain, taking into account the need to follow changes of aggregation. We then described how to use this event information with machine learning techniques such as Hidden Markov Models in order to learn the characteristic flow patterns, to answer questions not only about where an individual object was last observed but also predict when and where an individual object is at the current time or future times, based on its previous observation history and the learned flow patterns. Using these probabilistic algorithms it is also possible to give a confidence level about whether an object is likely to reach a particular location by a specified time. This is clearly useful for being able to predict whether ordered supplies will arrive in time for a particular production schedule, as well as for CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 141
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Vision and Challenges for Realising
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Foreword Vision and Challenges for
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Table of contents Foreword Vision a
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1 Organization ....................
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Chapter 1 The Internet of Things
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1 Origin of the concept of "Interne
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2.1 Research perspective Today the
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(RFID), Near Field Communication (N
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According to SRI Consulting Busines
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Security and software Human interfa
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According to ISTAG, technical resea
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ties can be grouped around two axes
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emerging uses and services, and lau
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Chapter 2 The CERP-IoT Cluster
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floor, and other things happening i
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eral solutions have emerged, either
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Acronym Project Title Coordinator H
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Chapter 3 Strategic Research Agenda
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Safety, Security and Privacy, Envi
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dynamically extended and improved b
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Domain 1 Fundamental characteristic
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T he concept of Internet of Things
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The vehicle itself is also consider
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technology should foster a communit
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Every day millions of people move u
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3.3 Technologies supporting the Int
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The traffic in the Internet of Thin
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Coverage - sparse, dense or redunda
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IoT will create new services and ne
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including the virtual counterparts
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Issues to be addressed: Event-driv
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competitive marketplace that benefi
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equired for IoT applications. Such
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ility of things in their acting wil
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
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Acknowledgements Many colleagues ha
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T eams from research projects and i
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should help brand owners to find th
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3.1 Authentication Features For eac
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Page 93 and 94: 4.2 Challenges for Usage of Network
Page 95 and 96: esent one step in the supply chain,
Page 97 and 98: A reaction of things could be trigg
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2-1: Application Case Featu
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Page 103: 7 References [Barry02] Barry, Dougl
Page 106 and 107: data to a central server. When used
Page 108 and 109: The smart retail concept holds simi
Page 110 and 111: 6 Acknowledgment The authors would
Page 112 and 113: Nevertheless, the majority of exist
Page 114 and 115: To implement this service, case and
Page 116 and 117: moving it from the reader’s anten
Page 118 and 119: The servers can process requests in
Page 120 and 121: web client. The solution largely re
Page 122 and 123: ently, establishing transparency ac
Page 124 and 125: Kourouthanassis, P., & Roussos, G.
Page 126 and 127: The importance of identity manageme
Page 128 and 129: Middleware and other software devel
Page 130 and 131: 1.2 Objectives The objective of the
Page 132 and 133: Air interfaces still do have differ
Page 134 and 135: 4.2.3 ITU-T ITU is the United Natio
Page 136 and 137: The report's conclusion highlights
Page 138 and 139: made significant progress on the de
Page 142 and 143: monitoring that manufactured goods
Page 144 and 145: worked RFID technology for various
Page 146 and 147: tually sold, at which moment in tim
Page 148 and 149: Business case analysis: Two busines
Page 150 and 151: of far field and near field UHF tag
Page 152 and 153: The manufacturing pilot provided sy
Page 154 and 155: also coming from distributed electr
Page 156 and 157: The ASPIRE architecture identifies
Page 158 and 159: ASPIRE Innovative filtering solutio
Page 160 and 161: 3.2 Semantic Device Discovery and O
Page 162 and 163: Concretely, Hydra uses web services
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Page 169 and 170: The purpose of Traceability Service
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Page 180 and 181: 4 Members The RACE networkRFID comm
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Page 186 and 187: 2.5 Interoperability It is common k
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The middleware solutions for these
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T he AmI-4-SME project is addressin
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BRIDGE (Building Radio frequency ID
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T oday’s Internet is rapidly evol
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T he CoBIs project developed a radi
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C uteLoop has the strategic objecti
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T he DiY Smart Experiences project
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T he project objectives of DYNA- MI
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epresentatives of the Member States
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Approach The EURIDICE platform will
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T he first objective of the Hydra p
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This will produce new inputs to set
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IMS2020 strives for strengthening i
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L eapfrog is a joint research and i
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F easibility study for an improved
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R FID will form the basis of better
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T he SMART project employees RFID t
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T he StoLPaN project aims to define
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T he recently completed three-year
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Expected Impact WALTER is aimed at
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