Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things

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ility of things in their acting will have to be considered. The Internet of Things will challenge the traditional distributed database technology by addressing very large numbers of “things” that handle data, in a global information space and a universal data space. This poses challenges. In this context the information map of the real world of interest is represented across billions of “things”, many of which are updating in real-time and a transaction or data change is updated across hundreds or thousands of “things” with differing update policies, opens up for many security challenges and security techniques across multiple policies. In order to prevent the unauthorized use of private information and permit authorized use, research is needed in the area of dynamic trust, security, and privacy management. Issues to be addressed: Event-driven agents to enable an intelligent/self aware behaviour of networked devices Privacy preserving technology for heterogeneous sets of devices Models for decentralised authentication and trust Energy efficient encryption and data protection technologies Security and trust for cloud computing Data ownership Legal and liability issues Repository data management Access and use rights, rules to share added value Responsibilities, liabilities Artificial immune systems solutions for IoT Secure, low cost devices Integration into, or connection to, privacypreserving frameworks, with evaluation privacy-preserving effectiveness. Privacy Policies management. 3.4.12 Standardisation The Internet of Things will support interactions among many heterogeneous sources of data and many heterogeneous devices though the use of standard interfaces and data models to ensure a high degree of interoperability among diverse systems. Although many different standards may co-exist, the use of ontology based semantic standards enables mapping and cross-referencing between them, in order to enable information exchange. From an architectural perspective, standards have an important role to play both within an organisation or entity and across organisations; adoption of standards promotes interoperability and allows each organisation or individual to benefit from a competitive marketplace of interoperable technology solutions from multiple providers; when those organisations or individuals which to share or exchange information, standards allow them to do so efficiently, minimising ambiguity about the interpretation of the information they exchange. Standards regarding frequency spectrum allocation, radiation power levels and communication protocols ensure that the Internet of Things co-operates with other users of the radio spectrum, including mobile telephony, broadcasting, emergency services etc. These can be expected to develop, as the Internet of Things increases in scale and reach and as additional radio spectrum becomes available through digital switchover etc. As greater reliance is placed on the Internet of Things as the global infrastructure for generation and gathering of information, it will be essential to ensure that international quality and integrity standards are deployed and further developed, as necessary to ensure that the data can be trusted and also traced to its original authentic sources. Issues to be addressed: IoT standardisation Ontology based semantic standards Spectrum energy communication protocols standards Standards for communication within and outside cloud International quality/integrity standards for data creation, data traceability. CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 74
3.4.13 Future Technological Developments Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Beyond 2020 “Thing DNA” identifier Identity management Semantics Privacy-awareness Unified framework for unique identifiers Open framework for the IoT Different schemes Domain Specific IDs ISO, GS1, u-Code, IPv6, etc Identification Technology URIs Cognitive architectures Experiential architectures Adaptive, context based architectures Self-* properties IoT architectures developments IoT architecture in the FI Network of networks architectures IoT architecture specifications Context-sensitive middleware Intelligent reasoning platforms Internet of Things Architecture Technology F-O-T platforms interoperability Unified protocol over wide spectrum Wide spectrum and spectrum aware protocols Ultra low power chip sets On chip antennas Millimetre wave single chips Ultra low power single chip radios RFID, UWB, Wi-Fi, WiMax, Bluetooth, ZigBee, RuBee, ISA 100, WirelessHart, 6LoWPAN Communication Technology Ultra low power system on chip Network cognition Self learning, self repairing networks Network context awareness Self aware and self organizing networks Sensor network location transparency Delay tolerant networks Storage networks and power networks Hybrid networking technologies Sensor networks Network Technology User oriented software The invisible IoT Easy-to-deploy IoT sw Things-to-Humans collaboration IoT 4 All Goal oriented software Distributed intelligence, problem solving Things-to-Things collaboration environments Large scale, open semantic software modules Composable algorithms Next generation IoT-based social software Next generation IoT-based enterprise applications Relational database integration IoT-oriented RDBMS Event-based platforms Sensor middleware Sensor Networks middleware Proximity / Localization algo- Software and Algorithms rithms Nano-technology and new materials Smart sensors (biochemical) More sensors and actuators (tiny sensors) Multi protocol, multi standards readers More sensors and actuators Secure, low-cost tags (e.g. Silent Tags) RFID Tags and some sensors Sensors built in to mobile devices NFC in mobile phones Smaller and cheaper MEMs technology Hardware Development CERP-IoT – Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things 75
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Vision and Challenges for Realising
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Foreword Vision and Challenges for
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Table of contents Foreword Vision a
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1 Organization ....................
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Chapter 1 The Internet of Things
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1 Origin of the concept of "Interne
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2.1 Research perspective Today the
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(RFID), Near Field Communication (N
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According to SRI Consulting Busines
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Security and software Human interfa
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According to ISTAG, technical resea
Page 24 and 25: ties can be grouped around two axes
Page 26 and 27: emerging uses and services, and lau
Page 29: Chapter 2 The CERP-IoT Cluster
Page 32 and 33: floor, and other things happening i
Page 34 and 35: eral solutions have emerged, either
Page 36 and 37: Acronym Project Title Coordinator H
Page 39: Chapter 3 Strategic Research Agenda
Page 42 and 43: Safety, Security and Privacy, Envi
Page 44 and 45: dynamically extended and improved b
Page 46 and 47: Domain 1 Fundamental characteristic
Page 49 and 50: T he concept of Internet of Things
Page 51 and 52: The vehicle itself is also consider
Page 53 and 54: technology should foster a communit
Page 55 and 56: Every day millions of people move u
Page 57 and 58: 3.3 Technologies supporting the Int
Page 59 and 60: The traffic in the Internet of Thin
Page 61 and 62: Coverage - sparse, dense or redunda
Page 63 and 64: IoT will create new services and ne
Page 65 and 66: including the virtual counterparts
Page 67: Issues to be addressed: Event-driv
Page 70 and 71: competitive marketplace that benefi
Page 72 and 73: equired for IoT applications. Such
Page 76 and 77: Before 2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Bey
Page 82 and 83: Acknowledgements Many colleagues ha
Page 84 and 85: T eams from research projects and i
Page 86 and 87: should help brand owners to find th
Page 88 and 89: 3.1 Authentication Features For eac
Page 90 and 91: 4 Business Process Integration Seam
Page 93 and 94: 4.2 Challenges for Usage of Network
Page 95 and 96: esent one step in the supply chain,
Page 97 and 98: A reaction of things could be trigg
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2-1: Application Case Featu
Page 101 and 102: NDEI- Service InformationBrokerage
Page 103: 7 References [Barry02] Barry, Dougl
Page 106 and 107: data to a central server. When used
Page 108 and 109: The smart retail concept holds simi
Page 110 and 111: 6 Acknowledgment The authors would
Page 112 and 113: Nevertheless, the majority of exist
Page 114 and 115: To implement this service, case and
Page 116 and 117: moving it from the reader’s anten
Page 118 and 119: The servers can process requests in
Page 120 and 121: web client. The solution largely re
Page 122 and 123: ently, establishing transparency ac
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Kourouthanassis, P., & Roussos, G.
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The importance of identity manageme
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Middleware and other software devel
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1.2 Objectives The objective of the
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Air interfaces still do have differ
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4.2.3 ITU-T ITU is the United Natio
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The report's conclusion highlights
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made significant progress on the de
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Finally, a more theoretical researc
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monitoring that manufactured goods
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worked RFID technology for various
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tually sold, at which moment in tim
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Business case analysis: Two busines
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of far field and near field UHF tag
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The manufacturing pilot provided sy
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also coming from distributed electr
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The ASPIRE architecture identifies
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ASPIRE Innovative filtering solutio
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3.2 Semantic Device Discovery and O
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Concretely, Hydra uses web services
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4.9 Usage of RFID in the Forest & W
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sufficiently long and consistent re
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The purpose of Traceability Service
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An overview of the LCA procedure, c
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The environmental KPIs harmonize wi
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5. Involving a large number of Memb
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Maintain a roadmap of the relevant
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4 Members The RACE networkRFID comm
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EPoSS has close links with other ET
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Social context Surrounding people
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2.5 Interoperability It is common k
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fraction of the time. RFID technolo
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The middleware solutions for these
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T he AmI-4-SME project is addressin
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BRIDGE (Building Radio frequency ID
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T oday’s Internet is rapidly evol
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T he CoBIs project developed a radi
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C uteLoop has the strategic objecti
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T he DiY Smart Experiences project
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T he project objectives of DYNA- MI
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epresentatives of the Member States
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Approach The EURIDICE platform will
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T he first objective of the Hydra p
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This will produce new inputs to set
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IMS2020 strives for strengthening i
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L eapfrog is a joint research and i
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F easibility study for an improved
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R FID will form the basis of better
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T he SMART project employees RFID t
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T he StoLPaN project aims to define
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T he recently completed three-year
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Expected Impact WALTER is aimed at
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