ACTA SZEKSZARDIENSIUM - Pécsi Tudományegyetem Illyés Gyula ...

Gabriella király
The concept and reasons of the learning disorders
Learning disorders may occur at almost 15% of the children with intact intellectual
capacity. 16 The denomination of the clinical picture varies according to the author and
the academy. The denominations may be classified onto two categories: the first one
emphasizes the organic points of view, the second the particular phenomena and the
effects.
Among the denominations used for the syndrome we are most likely to find the
following: encephalopathy, MCD syndrome (minimal cerebral dysfunction), MBD
syndrome (minimal brain damage), infant hyperkinetic syndrome, A.D.D.H. syndrome
(Hyperkinetic Attention Deficit Disorder), sensory integration disorder, segment capacity
disorder, neuro-genetic learning disorder, partial efficacy disorder, POS (psycho-organic
syndrome), FI-MO-TA (Attention-Movement-Learning Disorder).
In conclusion the interpretation of the phenomenon of learning disorder is importantly
influenced by the lack of the mutually accepted definition.
Porkolábné10 emphasizes five professional approaches based on the causes of the
learning disorders and the accompanying symptoms.
I. The neuropsychological researches seek the reasons of the learning disorders in
such minor brain damages, which can cause extremely varied deficiencies due to
the selective effects, but do not reach the level of a mental retardation.
II. The researches based on the sensory-locomotor theories explain the learning
disorders with the sensorial difficulties.
III. Those who approach the problem on a behavioural psychological basis consider
the learning disorders behavioural problems, and the correction as being
effectively achievable by behavioural therapy.
IV. The theories which emphasize the lingual development consider the lingual
skills as being of a higher importance. They consider the academic achievements
impossible without the necessary lingual development.
V. The domestic children’s psychiatry approach emphasizes the disorder of the
integrating function between the two hemispheres of the brain. 18
In connection with the origin of the disease the literature presents the following three
views the most often:
– It develops based on the early brain damage (continuum notion)
– Biochemical, genetically determined disorder leads to the syndrome (syndrome
notion), which is indicated by the frequent aggregation in families.
– The multi-causal approach mentions the polygenic origin- the interaction
between the organic factors and the environment, and the summed effect of the biological,
psychological and sociological effects.
The result is the disorder in the integrated co-operation between the two hemispheres
of the brain, the process of the environmental stimuli in a special manner, the disorder
of the Gestalt-view.
The relationship between the specific learning disorder and the structure of the intelligence
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