ACTA SZEKSZARDIENSIUM - Pécsi Tudományegyetem Illyés Gyula ...

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Measurement problems of the performance of ecotourism in hungary Positive impacts Negative impacts Impacts neutral in themselves Table 1 Economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism Economy Society Environment Creation of new jobs Revenues from tourism Growing weight of services New types of employment in tourism Appreciation of vocational and language skills Tourism as an auxiliary economic activity is a diversification factor Improvement of the economies of backward regions Increased land values Development in infrastructure Growing shopping facilities Improved image of a place Rising living standards Growth of seasonal jobs Creation of jobs for unskilled labour force Shortage of labour in traditional sectors Increase of prices, inflation Over-dependence on tourism Difficulties of acquisition of real estate or land Population growth Inflow of external seasonal labour force (in vacant jobs) Presence of holiday home owners (if they join in local life) Increased social and cultural activity Growing pride of the locals of their place Weakening prejudices, stereotypes, growing tolerance Increased social mobility Growing number of leisure activities Personal relations, meeting new people Learning languages and professions Better work ethic, more polite locals Renaissance of local arts, handicrafts and cultural events Renaissance of local construction styles Inflow of external seasonal labour force (if they occupy jobs of locals) Presence of holiday home owners (if they do not take their share from the tasks of the community) Increased economic inequalities within the community Growing share of non-permanent residents Conflicts with holiday home owners Loss of cultural identity Weakening ethic norms, transforming value systems Increased sexual promiscuity Religious conflicts (with holiday home owners and tourists) Disintegration of social networks Hectic lifestyle of those active in tourism Growing sense of danger (crime) Commercialisation of hospitality and culture Spread of deviant behaviours Weakening local language Loss of local habits, traditions Crowdedness and traffic problems Change of age, gender, race and ethnic structure due to immigration Urbanisation of the population Transforming social classes Transition of family structure Change of consumption habits Change of housing conditions Transformation of behaviour (demonstration effect) Source: by the author, based on Puczkó-rátz (2002) 99 Protection of natural resources of outstanding aesthetic value Creation of national parks Attitude-shaping role of ecotourism Littering Air pollution (transport) Noise pollution Heat pollution Chemical/physical degrading of soil Degradation of stones Vandalism Fires lit Water pollution Illegal quay constructions and filling up of shore Destruction of wildlife, decline of habitats Change of landscape (by tourism facilities and inconsiderate constructions) Parallel to the growing awareness of the global problems (to name but a few: global warming, biodiversity and ecosystem losses, fisheries depletion, deforestation, water
Zoltán Raffay deficits, maritime safety and pollution, growing gap between rich and poor nations, terrorism etc.), the necessity to develop the tourism sector in a direction that does not prevent the future generations from enjoying the tourism attraction that we can enjoy today became a more and more often raised issue. The World Tourism Organization and other organisations interested in tourism development first defined sustainable tourism and ecotourism and then started to pay more attention to this tourism activity, besides other tourism branches, of course. Sustainable tourism in the WTO’s definition is seen as management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems- integrating the idea of sustainable development and tourism, actually, where sustainable development is seen as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is “responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveller; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights” (wikipedia.org). “In late 1970s and early 1980s the world organisations of nature and environment protection were created and they drew attention to the problematic impacts on the natural and social environment induced by the travels. Their campaigns resulted in the organisation of the first eco-minded tours and to the birth of ecotourism per se as a form of travel. The first definition of ecotourism was made by Hector Ceballos Lascuráin, and this way ecotourism was raised to the level of the other tourism sectors and was given more and more attention, due to the ever strengthening global and local movements of environment and nature protection. The appearance and development of ecotourism thus perfectly fits into the worldwide trends: the appreciation of nature, increased environmental consciousness, evaluation of health and healthy environment, self-expression, the strengthening of individualisation, the search for authentic values (or values looking) authentic, globalisation and the access to information.” (TÁMOP.-4.1.2-08/1/A project) 2. Ecotourism in Hungary 2.1. The ecotourism potential of Hungary Hungary is extremely rich in natural values, not lat partly due to the belated economic development of the country that allowed the survival of many natural or quasi natural areas, plain lands, marshes, flood plains, pastures, grasslands and forests. These areas are home to a spectacular fauna and flora, including many indigenous and rare species. Hungary now has no less than 10 national parks, 36 areas of landscape protection and 152 nature protection areas of national importance (Figure 2). 100
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ACTA SZEKSZARDIENSIUM - Pécsi Tudományegyetem Illyés Gyula ...

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