Juvenile Justice System and Risk Factor Data - Illinois Criminal ...

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Risk factor data Juvenile delinquency at the local or county level may be more easily addressed with an understanding of associated risk factors–conditions or circumstances of an individual that increase the likelihood that the youth will engage in delinquency. This section begins with a general review of the literature examining juvenile delinquency risk factors. Loeber and Farrington, members of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s (OJJDP’s) Study Group on Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders, compiled the following research on risk factors. 4 Delinquency research has focused on three types of risk factors: individual, situational, and environmental. Individual risk factors Individual risk factors include individual traits or qualities, including various types of mental and physical health problems that may contribute to delinquency. Studies examining the effects of individual risk factors on juvenile delinquency have found that aggressive behavior, anti-social attitudes or beliefs, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, attention deficits, and risk-taking behaviors are strongly linked to juvenile delinquency. Several studies have also found evidence of links between medical or physical conditions impacting development, general problem behavior, and negative internalizing behaviors, such as nervousness, worrying, and anxiety, to juvenile delinquency. IQ, low resting heart rate, depression, substance abuse, and obsessive-compulsive behavior also have been identified as potential risk factors. 5 Situational risk factors Situational risk factors are related to the circumstances that magnify the likelihood of a delinquent act occurring. Examples of potential situational risk factors include the presence of a weapon and behavior of the victim at the time of the incident. Situational risk factors act as triggers for minors who exhibit one or more of the other two types of risk factors. 6 Although a number of potential situational risk factors have been identified, researchers have not determined which situational factors exacerbate the likelihood that a minor will commit a delinquent act. Thus, situational factors are not addressed in this report. Environmental risk factors Environmental risk factors include community, social, and school risk factor subsets. While county-level data on the environmental risk factors that Illinois youth are exposed to are available, these are limited in their ability to describe the environments in which specific youth live. While these data show the level at which certain factors are present in a county, they are not indicative of any individual’s exposure to risk factors. 10
Community risk factors Community risk factors are related to the broader social environment in which minors reside. Studies examining the impact of environmental factors on juvenile delinquency have found evidence that communities with high levels of poverty or that are socially disorganized also tend to have high levels of juvenile delinquency. Research also has revealed that juvenile delinquency is correlated with drug availability, high levels of adult criminality, exposure to violence, and exposure to racial prejudice in the community. 7 Social risk factors Social risk factors are circumstances that are present in a minor’s immediate environment and typically include family relationships and peer relationships. Strong evidence suggests weak parent-child relationships including poor parental discipline style and lack of parental involvement, as well as relationships with antisocial or delinquent peers, are related to juvenile delinquency. Researchers Lipsey and Derzon (1998) reported results of a statistical review of longitudinal research examining juvenile delinquency risk factors. 8 They found that certain family-related risk factors, such as antisocial parents and parent criminality, were more predictive of serious and violent juvenile delinquency for six to 11 year olds than for 12 to 14 year olds. Peer-related risk factors including antisocial peers or peer criminality were more predictive of serious and violent juvenile delinquency among 12 to 14 year olds. Family and/or marital conflict, separation from family, and sibling delinquency also are proven risk factors for juvenile delinquency. In addition, abusive parents, low family bonding, high family stress, weak social ties including unpopularity with peers and low levels of social activity, and high family residential mobility may be linked to juvenile delinquency. 9 Additional research to further explore and support these findings is needed before conclusions regarding these potential risk factors can be made. School risk factors Research on predictors of serious and violent juvenile delinquency has revealed that truancy, dropping out of school, and poor academic performance are related to juvenile delinquency. In a meta-analysis of risk factors for delinquency, Hawkins et al (1998) found that academic failure and low school attachment were significant predictors of juvenile delinquency. 10 11
Page 1: State of Illinois Pat Quinn, Govern
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgments We wish to acknowle
Page 6 and 7: State initiatives .................
Page 8 and 9: Table 18: Number and percentage of
Page 10 and 11: Figure 16: Rate of youth adjudicate
Page 13 and 14: Foreword The Illinois Criminal Just
Page 15 and 16: Poverty In calendar year 2007, 524,
Page 17 and 18: Illinois juvenile justice system da
Page 19 and 20: Special issues Disproportionate min
Page 21 and 22: Youth courts Youth courts, also cal
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Since 2003, the Illino
Page 25 and 26: The Juvenile Justice System and Ris
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1 Flowchart of the Illinois
Page 29 and 30: Table 1 Legislative changes from th
Page 31: • Competency development. Restora
Page 35 and 36: Education In 2000, the most recent
Page 37 and 38: Social context The data elements ex
Page 39 and 40: neglect. That year, 28,516 cases of
Page 41 and 42: Correctional inmates with children
Page 43 and 44: Chronic truants are students who ha
Page 45 and 46: Expulsions During AY07, 3,451 stude
Page 47 and 48: important protective factors agains
Page 49 and 50: An alternate source for youth arres
Page 51 and 52: Arrest data by offense category is
Page 53 and 54: Court data After being arrested a y
Page 55 and 56: Map 2 P ercent change in rate of ne
Page 57 and 58: Map 3 Percent change in rate of you
Page 59 and 60: Detention data information Data col
Page 61 and 62: The Central region of Illinois expe
Page 63 and 64: Transfers to criminal court Youth 1
Page 65 and 66: Map 5 Number of detained youth tran
Page 67 and 68: The rate of formal probation cases
Page 69 and 70: Informal probation caseloads The nu
Page 71 and 72: Delinquency petitions continued und
Page 75 and 76: adult would. Mandatory supervised r
Page 79 and 80: Of court commitments in FY07, 28 pe
Page 81 and 82: 2004, increasing 28 percent from 1,
Page 83 and 84:
Special issues Disproportionate min
Page 85 and 86:
Calculate the jurisdictional RI usi
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under-represented at 52 percent les
Page 89 and 90:
Table 10 RRI calculations for black
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Detention In 2007, the rates of adm
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Map 12 Hispanic youth detention rel
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Map 13 Black youth IDJJ relative ra
Page 97 and 98:
Table 14 provides a statewide overv
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From 1997 to 2007, there was a 65 p
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Table 17 shows the number of youth
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Females in secure detention Females
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screening after referral from a juv
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Specialized courts Juvenile drug co
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Youth courts Youth courts, also cal
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Record expungement In Illinois, aft
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The Second Judicial Circuit Redeplo
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Models for Change Models for Change
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Map 16 Juvenile justice system init
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is not known how accurate the data
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Further recommendations The recomme
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Automatic transfer (Excluded Jurisd
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Detoxification Discretionary transf
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Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA)
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Property crime index A subcategory
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Appendix B: Map of judicial circuit
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Appendix D: Map of Illinois youth c
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12 - Homicide, Aggravated Kidnappin
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Offense Offense Offense Offense Cat
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Illinois Department of Corrections
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Prevention First 2800 Montvale Driv
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Table 8: Number of reported cases o
Page 146 and 147:
Table 1: Number of services to yout
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Table 2: Number of services to yout
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Table 3: Number of unemployed, FY02
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Table 4: Estimated median household
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Table 5: Estimated number of youth
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Table 6: Monthly average number of
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Table 7: Number of reported domesti
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Table 8: Number of reported cases o
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Table 9: Number of indicated cases
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Table 10: Number of reported cases
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Table 11: Number of indicated cases
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Table 12: Number of reported crimes
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Table 13: Number of inmates admitte
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Table 14: Number of students report
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Table 15: Number and sex of truant,
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Table 16: Number of students suspen
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Table 17: Number of students expell
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Table 18: Number of high school dro
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Table 19: Youth population age 10-1
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Table 20: Youth population by race
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Table 21: Number of youth arrests b
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Table 25: Number and type of court
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Table 26: Number and type of youth
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Table 27: Number of delinquency pet
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Table 28: Number of youth (ages 10
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Table 29: Number of youth admission
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Table 33: Average daily population
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Table 34: Number of youth transfers
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Table 35: Number of active youth fo
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Table 36: Number of active informal
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Table 37: Number of youth delinquen
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Table 38: Number of youth probation
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Table 39: Number and type of court
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Table 43: Number of youth (age 13 t
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Table 46: Number of youth released
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Table 47: Representation index (RI)
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Notes 1 Griffin, Patrick, Linda Szy
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41 Shelden, Randall G., Detention D
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