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Inclusive Communities = Stronger Communities GLOBAL REPORT ON ARTICLE 19: THE RIGHT TO LIVE AND BE INCLUDED IN THE COMMUNITY 41 different expectations in different cultures about the extent to which individuals are “free” to make their own choices or instead bound by what the community deems appropriate for their social status. ‰ The strength of civil society Overlapping with these issues of family structure and culture is the nature of community and the forms of voluntary organisation which societies encourage. In some high income countries, traditional social capital (e.g. in extended family structures) is weak but there are many ways in which citizens can come together voluntarily for mutual aid and to advance their interests, as indeed we see in some of the family associations which constitute our movement. In other developed countries such as the former Soviet bloc, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are both a recent and a relatively fragile network for supporting people with intellectual disabilities and their families. In other societies such as in Africa and Asia, there is very strong social capital but it is based on traditional clan and local authority structures. Choices and control for many people in those cultures are dictated by the clan or tribe. ‰ Economic development and social inequality Beyond these social connections there are of course also massive global inequalities in the extent of economic development and the distribution of access to the world’s material resources. Within countries too there can be huge disparities in wealth (including between urban and rural areas) and therefore in the resources available for action, e.g. to fund support for people with disabilities and their families. Indeed the absolute poverty experienced by
42 Inclusive Communities = Stronger Communities GLOBAL REPORT ON ARTICLE 19: THE RIGHT TO LIVE AND BE INCLUDED IN THE COMMUNITY so many families in most countries of the global “South” is a huge constraint on their scope for achieving better lives. Everyday reality is about survival and the ‘vision’ of people with disabilities is likely to be highly practical, concerned only with how to get by and make a contribution to their household. ‰ State investment in equal citizenship and its history Finally, and overlapping strongly with economic and political development, there are huge variations in our reports from countries in the extent to which governments have accepted responsibility for ensuring equal citizenship for all the population, e.g. through investing in universal education, access to health services and social security benefits or by contrast the extent to which people, especially people with disability are dependent for support on family and charity. As we shall see however, there are also significant differences in how governments have invested in social welfare, especially in the extent to which historical and current investments either support the full inclusion of people with disabilities in their communities or promote (for example though institutionalization) their social exclusion. We will keep referring to these four aspects of diversity as we report the findings from our study in the coming pages and show how they are relevant to weaving together the strategies required to achieve fuller implementation of Article 19 in different places.
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