State of the World's Children 2013 - Unicef

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Social protection for children with disabilities and their families is especially important because these families often face a higher cost of living and lost opportunities to earn income. Estimates of the additional costs of disability borne by families range from 11–69 per cent of income in the United Kingdom to 29–37 per cent in Australia, 20–37 per cent in Ireland, 9 per cent in Viet Nam and 14 per cent in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 14 Costs associated with disability include such direct expenses as medical treatment, travel, rehabilitation or assistance with care, and such opportunity costs as the income forgone when parents or family members give up or limit their employment to care for a child or children with disabilities. 15 Marmane, 8, looks over her shoulder in a rehabilitation centre run by the international non-governmental organization Médecins sans Frontières in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. © UNICEF/HQ2005-1970/LeMoyne life – begins with establishing a home setting conducive to early intervention. It involves stimulation and interaction with parents and caregivers from the first days and weeks of life through the different stages of the child’s educational and recreational development. Inclusion is important at all ages but the earlier children with disabilities are given the chance to interact with peers and the larger society, the greater the likely benefits for all children. Under the CRPD, children with disabilities and their families have the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food, clothing and housing. Children with disabilities and those responsible for their care are also entitled to such subsidized or free support services as day care, respite care and access to self-help groups. The International Labour Organization has estimated that in 10 low- and middle-income countries, the economic costs of disability amount to 3–5 per cent of gross domestic product. 16 A review of 14 developing countries found that people with disabilities were more likely to experience poverty than those without disabilities. 17 People with disabilities tended to be less well off in terms of education, employment, living conditions, consumption and health. In Malawi and Uganda, households with members who have disabilities have been found more likely to be poorer than similar households without disabled members. 18 Households with members with disabilities generally have lower incomes than other households and are at greater risk of living below the poverty line. 19 In developing countries, households with a member or members who have disabilities spend considerably more on health care. 20 This means that even a household that technically stands above the poverty line but includes a member or members with disabilities can actually have a standard of living equivalent to that of a household below the poverty line but without members with disabilities. The evidence is clear that childhood disability diminishes a person’s life chances. Children with disabilities grow up poorer, have less access 14 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2013: Children with Disabilities
to education and health-care services, and are worse off on a host of measures including the likelihood of family break-up and abuse. States can tackle the consequent, increased risk of child poverty with such social protection initiatives as cash transfer programmes. These programmes are relatively easy to administer and provide for flexibility in meeting the particular needs of parents and children. They also respect the decisionmaking rights of parents and children. Cash transfer programmes have been shown to benefit children, 21 although it can be difficult to gauge the extent to which they are used by and useful to children with disabilities and those who care for them. 22 A growing number of low- and middle-income countries are building on promising results from these broader efforts and have launched targeted social protection initiatives that include cash transfers specifically for children with disabilities. These countries include Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, India, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, South Africa, Turkey and Viet Nam, among others. The type of allowances and criteria for receiving them vary greatly. Some are tied to the severity of the child’s impairment. Routine monitoring and evaluation of the transfers’ effects on the health, educational and recreational attainment of children with disabilities will be essential to make sure these transfers achieve their objectives. Another tool governments can use is disabilityspecific budgeting. For instance, a government that has committed to ensuring that all children receive free, high-quality education would include specific goals regarding children with disabilities from the outset and take care to allocate a sufficient portion of the available resources to covering such things as training teachers, making infrastructure and curricula accessible, and procuring and fitting assistive devices. Effective access to services including education, health care, habilitation (training and treatment to carry out the activities of daily living), rehabilitation (products and services to help restore A young boy with albinism reads Braille at school in the town of Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania. © UNICEF/HQ2008-1786/Pirozzi FUNDAMENTALS OF INCLUSION 15
Page 1 and 2: THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN
Page 3 and 4: THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD Is there a child who does
Page 7 and 8: FOCUS Violence against children wit
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Reports such
Page 11 and 12: Under the Convention on the Rights
Page 13 and 14: People with disabilities are becomi
Page 15 and 16: Education is the key to stopping th
Page 17 and 18: (continued from p. 3) the right to
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF INCLUSION
Page 21: hierarchy and traditional expectati
Page 25 and 26: An inclusive kindergarten in Nizhny
Page 27 and 28: Assistive technology products Categ
Page 29 and 30: We need to make media more accessib
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 3 A STRONG FOUNDATION Good
Page 33 and 34: Early childhood stunting, which is
Page 35 and 36: are particularly important. Develop
Page 37 and 38: the needs of all children. In an in
Page 39 and 40: Look at Hanif and you will see that
Page 41 and 42: terms for 20 schools at a time, wit
Page 43 and 44: epilepsy. The ketogenic diet is an
Page 45 and 46: Reading Braille at a school in Ugan
Page 47 and 48: Saja opened my eyes to my own abili
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 4 ESSENTIALS OF PROTECTION
Page 51 and 52: Independent States, institutionaliz
Page 53 and 54: Children with disabilities are at g
Page 55 and 56: It is much harder to protect childr
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 5 HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE Hum
Page 59 and 60: Explosive remnants of war (ERW) on
Page 61 and 62: esist, than children without disabi
Page 63 and 64: Since monitoring began in 1999, the
Page 65 and 66: FOCUS (continued) Child casualties
Page 67 and 68: Child casualties by type of explosi
Page 69 and 70: If people with disabilities can’t
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 6 MEASURING CHILD DISABILIT
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Mental Development Scale, 120 canno
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single set of questions for both gr
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FOCUS Lessons learned Since 1995, U
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A strategy for intervention on beha
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Data can be hard to gather: Indigen
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CHAPTER 7 AN AGENDA FOR ACTION The
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discrimination is vital in reducing
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I would like to be confident that w
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Support families The CRC states tha
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Being visually challenged, I’ve h
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Six-year-old Nemanja (far left) sit
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We [in government] must understand
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33 South African Disability Institu
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106 Mental Disability Rights Intern
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Statistical Tables Economic and soc
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under-five mortality rate (per 1,00
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TABLE 10. THE RATE OF pROGRESS The
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under-five mortality rankings The f
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TABLE 1 BASIC INdICATORS Countries
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TABLE 1 BASIC INdICATORS Countries
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TABLE 2 NuTRITION Countries and are
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TABLE 2 NuTRITION Countries and are
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TABLE 3 HEALTH Countries Use of imp
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Countries Use of improved drinking
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TABLE 4 HIV/AIdS Prevention among y
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TABLE 4 HIV/AIdS Prevention among y
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TABLE 5 education Countries and are
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TABLE 5 EduCATION Countries and are
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TABLE 6 dEmOGRApHIC INdICATORS Coun
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TABLE 6 dEmOGRApHIC INdICATORS Coun
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TABLE 7 ECONOmIC INdICATORS Countri
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TABLE 7 ECONOmIC INdICATORS Countri
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TABLE 8 WOmEN Countries and areas L
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TABLE 8 WOmEN Countries and areas L
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TABLE 9 CHILd pROTECTION Countries
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TABLE 9 CHILd pROTECTION Countries
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TABLE 10 THE RATE OF pROGRESS Count
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TABLE 10 THE RATE OF pROGRESS Count
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TABLE 11 AdOLESCENTS Countries and
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TABLE 11 AdOLESCENTS Countries and
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TABLE 12 disparities by residence C
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TABLE 12 dISpARITIES By RESIdENCE C
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TABLE 13 dISpARITIES By HOuSEHOLd W
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TABLE 13 dISpARITIES By HOuSEHOLd W
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TABLE 14 EARLy CHILdHOOd dEVELOpmEN
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