State of the World's Children 2013 - Unicef

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FOCUS Violence against children with disabilities By Lisa Jones, Mark A. Bellis, Sara Wood, Karen Hughes, Ellie McCoy, Lindsay Eckley, Geoff Bates Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University Christopher Mikton, Alana Officer, Tom Shakespeare Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability, World Health Organization Children with disabilities are three to four times more likely to be victims of violence. Children and adults with disabilities often face a wide range of physical, social and environmental barriers to full participation in society, including reduced access to health care, education and other support services. They are also thought to be at significantly greater risk of violence than their peers without disabilities. Understanding the extent of violence against children with disabilities is an essential first step in developing effective programmes to prevent them from becoming victims of violence and to improve their health and the quality of their lives. To this end, research teams at Liverpool John Moores University and the World Health Organization conducted the first systematic review, including meta-analysis, of existing studies on violence against children with disabilities (aged 18 years and under). Seventeen studies, all from high-income countries, met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Prevalence estimates of violence against children with disabilities ranged from 26.7 per cent for combined measures of violence to 20.4 per cent for physical violence and 13.7 per cent for sexual violence. Estimates of risk indicated that children with disabilities were at a significantly greater risk of experiencing violence than peers without disabilities: 3.7 times more likely for combined measures of violence, 3.6 times more likely for physical violence and 2.9 times more likely for sexual violence. The type of disability appeared to affect the prevalence and risk of violence, although the evidence on this point was not conclusive. For instance, children with mental or intellectual disabilities were 4.6 times more likely to be victims of sexual violence than their non-disabled peers. This review demonstrated that violence is a major problem for children with disabilities. It also highlighted the absence of high-quality studies on the topic from low- and middle-income countries, which generally have higher population rates of disability, higher levels of violence and fewer support services for those living with a disability. This gap in the research urgently needs to be filled. A number of explanations have been put forward to account 44 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2013: Children with Disabilities
Children with disabilities are at greater risk of experiencing physical or sexual violence than peers without disabilities. for why children with disabilities are at much greater risk of violence than children without disabilities. Having to care for a child with a disability can put extra strain on parents or households and increase the risk of abuse. Significant numbers of children with disabilities continue to be placed into residential care, which is a major risk factor for sexual and physical abuse. Children with disabilities that affect communication may be particularly vulnerable to abuse, since communication barriers can hamper their ability to disclose abusive experiences. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities aims to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities and guarantee their full and equal participation in society. In the case of children with disabilities, this includes ensuring a safe and stable progression through childhood and into adulthood. As with all children, a safe and secure childhood provides the best chance of achieving a healthy, welladjusted adulthood. Adverse childhood experiences, including violence, are known to be related to a wide range of negative health and social outcomes in later life. The extra demands placed on children with disabilities – who must cope with their disabilities and overcome societal barriers that increase their risk of poorer outcomes in later life – mean that a safe and secure childhood is particularly important. Children placed away from home need increased care and protection, and institutional cultures, regimes and structures that exacerbate the risk of violence and abuse should be addressed as a matter of urgency. Whether they live in institutions or with their families or other caregivers, all children with disabilities should be viewed as a highrisk group in which it is critical to identify violence. They may benefit from interventions such as home visiting and parenting programmes, which have been demonstrated to be effective for preventing violence and mitigating its consequences in children without disabilities. The effectiveness of such interventions for children with disabilities should be evaluated as a matter of priority. ESSENTIALS OF PROTECTION 45
Page 1 and 2: THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN
Page 3 and 4: THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD Is there a child who does
Page 7 and 8: FOCUS Violence against children wit
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Reports such
Page 11 and 12: Under the Convention on the Rights
Page 13 and 14: People with disabilities are becomi
Page 15 and 16: Education is the key to stopping th
Page 17 and 18: (continued from p. 3) the right to
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF INCLUSION
Page 21 and 22: hierarchy and traditional expectati
Page 23 and 24: to education and health-care servic
Page 25 and 26: An inclusive kindergarten in Nizhny
Page 27 and 28: Assistive technology products Categ
Page 29 and 30: We need to make media more accessib
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 3 A STRONG FOUNDATION Good
Page 33 and 34: Early childhood stunting, which is
Page 35 and 36: are particularly important. Develop
Page 37 and 38: the needs of all children. In an in
Page 39 and 40: Look at Hanif and you will see that
Page 41 and 42: terms for 20 schools at a time, wit
Page 43 and 44: epilepsy. The ketogenic diet is an
Page 45 and 46: Reading Braille at a school in Ugan
Page 47 and 48: Saja opened my eyes to my own abili
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 4 ESSENTIALS OF PROTECTION
Page 51: Independent States, institutionaliz
Page 55 and 56: It is much harder to protect childr
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 5 HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE Hum
Page 59 and 60: Explosive remnants of war (ERW) on
Page 61 and 62: esist, than children without disabi
Page 63 and 64: Since monitoring began in 1999, the
Page 65 and 66: FOCUS (continued) Child casualties
Page 67 and 68: Child casualties by type of explosi
Page 69 and 70: If people with disabilities can’t
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 6 MEASURING CHILD DISABILIT
Page 73 and 74: Mental Development Scale, 120 canno
Page 75 and 76: single set of questions for both gr
Page 77 and 78: FOCUS Lessons learned Since 1995, U
Page 79 and 80: A strategy for intervention on beha
Page 81 and 82: Data can be hard to gather: Indigen
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 7 AN AGENDA FOR ACTION The
Page 85 and 86: discrimination is vital in reducing
Page 87 and 88: I would like to be confident that w
Page 89 and 90: Support families The CRC states tha
Page 91 and 92: Being visually challenged, I’ve h
Page 93 and 94: Six-year-old Nemanja (far left) sit
Page 95 and 96: We [in government] must understand
Page 97 and 98: 33 South African Disability Institu
Page 99 and 100: 106 Mental Disability Rights Intern
Page 101 and 102: Statistical Tables Economic and soc
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under-five mortality rate (per 1,00
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TABLE 10. THE RATE OF pROGRESS The
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under-five mortality rankings The f
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TABLE 1 BASIC INdICATORS Countries
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TABLE 1 BASIC INdICATORS Countries
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TABLE 2 NuTRITION Countries and are
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TABLE 2 NuTRITION Countries and are
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TABLE 3 HEALTH Countries Use of imp
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Countries Use of improved drinking
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TABLE 4 HIV/AIdS Prevention among y
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TABLE 4 HIV/AIdS Prevention among y
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TABLE 5 education Countries and are
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TABLE 5 EduCATION Countries and are
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TABLE 6 dEmOGRApHIC INdICATORS Coun
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TABLE 6 dEmOGRApHIC INdICATORS Coun
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TABLE 7 ECONOmIC INdICATORS Countri
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TABLE 7 ECONOmIC INdICATORS Countri
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TABLE 8 WOmEN Countries and areas L
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TABLE 8 WOmEN Countries and areas L
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TABLE 9 CHILd pROTECTION Countries
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TABLE 9 CHILd pROTECTION Countries
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TABLE 10 THE RATE OF pROGRESS Count
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TABLE 10 THE RATE OF pROGRESS Count
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TABLE 11 AdOLESCENTS Countries and
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TABLE 11 AdOLESCENTS Countries and
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TABLE 12 disparities by residence C
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TABLE 12 dISpARITIES By RESIdENCE C
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TABLE 13 dISpARITIES By HOuSEHOLd W
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TABLE 13 dISpARITIES By HOuSEHOLd W
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TABLE 14 EARLy CHILdHOOd dEVELOpmEN
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