1961 US Commission on Civil Rights Report Book 2 - University of ...

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Notes: Education, Chapter 4—Continued 185. See N.Y. Times, May 31, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 26. See also Washington (D.C.) Post May 30, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 5A. Four Negro pupils made requests for transfers to predominantly white schools—two secondgraders, one third, and one fourth-grader. The school board's plan says that it does not intend to assign students above the first grade to a school other than that which they first attended. Arkansas Gazette, June 17, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 2A. 186. Evans v. Buchanan, Civ. Nos. 1816-22, D. Del., June 26, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 12. 187. See Evans v. Ennis,2&i F. 2d385 (3dCir. 1960). 188. Evans v. Buchanan, supra, note 186, at 4. 189. Washington (D.C.) Post, Apr. 15,<strong>1961</strong>, p. 2C. 190. Ibid. 191. Ibid. Richmond (Va.) News Leader, Aug. 8, <strong>1961</strong>, p. i. 191a. Richmond (Va.) News Leader, July 14, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 17, and July 26, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 4. Washington (D.C.) Post, Aug. i, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 36. 192. White v. Lov. Civ. No. 1086, E.D. Ky., <strong>1961</strong>. 192a. Durham (N.C.) Morning Herald, July 7, <strong>1961</strong>, p. I5A. 192b. Norfolk (Va.) Journal and Guide, Aug. 5, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 12. 192c. Wheeler v. Durham City Board of Education and Spaulding v. Durham City Board of Education, Civ. No. C-54~D-6o and C-i i6-D-6o, M.D.N.C., July 20, <strong>1961</strong>. 192d. Durham (N.C.) Morning Herald, Aug. 4, <strong>1961</strong>, p. lA. 1926. Id., Aug. 3, <strong>1961</strong>, p. lA. 204
NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 5 1. James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959); Aaron v. McKinley, 173 F. Supp. 944 (E.D. Ark. 1959), aff'd sub nom., Faubus v. Aaron, 361 U.S. 197 (1959). 2. Adkins v. School Board of Newport News, 148 T\ Supp. 430 (E.D. Va. 1957), aff'd, 246 F. 2d 325 (4th Cir. 1957), cert, denied, 355 U.S. 855 (1957). 3. Kelley v. Board of Education of Nashville, Civ. No. 2094, M.D. Term., Sept. 6, 1957,2 Race Rel. L. Rep. 970 (1957). 4. Orleans Parish School Board v. Bush,242 F. 2d. 156 (5th Cir. 1957, cert, denied, 354 U.S. 921 (1957). 5. 358U.S. i, 19(1958). 6. See James v. Almond, supra, note i. 7. -40r0n v. McKinley, supra, note i. 8. The Warren County High School; the high school and one elementary school in Charlottesville, Va.; and the high schools in Norfolk, Va. 9. "Education in Virginia," Report of the <strong>Commission</strong> on Education, Mar. 31,1959,4 Race Rel. L. Rep. 392 (1959). 10. Va. Acts 1959, Ex. Sess., ch. 53, p. 131. 11. Va. Acts 1959, Ex. Sess., ch. 72, p. 170. 12. Va. Acts 1959, Ex. Sess., ch. 52, p. 130. 13. Va. Acts 1959, Ex. Sess., ch. 71, p. 165. 14. Va. Acts 1959, Ex. Sess., ch. 80, p. 186. 15. Va. Acts 1959, Ex. Sess., ch. 68, p. 151. 16. Va. Acts 1959, Ex. Sess., ch. 49, p. 127. 17. Term. Acts 1959, ch. 289, p. 894. 18. So. School News, May 1959, p. 16. 19. Ala. Laws 1959, No. 652, p. 1576. 20. The <strong>Commission</strong>'s report stated in part: . . . [T]he State cannot constitutionally maintain a system of open and closed schools. All of our schools must be kept open or all must be closed down. . . . [W]e have concluded that one of our purposes and obligations is to maintain the public school system. We might add that we cannot believe that a plan which in effect destroys our system of public schools would obtain even limited public acceptance. We do not recommend an amendment to our State constitution. . . . We believe the experience of our State and other States demonstrates that the assignment law offers the best, the most reliable and the only lawful means yet produced to minimize the impact of the desegregation decisions. Fla., Governor's Advisory <strong>Commission</strong> on Race Relations, Report to the Governor, Mar. 16,1959, pp. 18-19. 205
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1961 United States
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KF 4755 .A822 1961
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Page CHAPTER 4. DESEGREGATION IN TH
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Page Summary 135 CHAPTER 9. SOUTHER
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General Contents: Books 1-5 Book I:
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Foreword The United States
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Inaction of government officials ha
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pan iv. Education 1. Introduction O
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equire or permit segregation by rac
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for the two races. 8 After the clea
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district court might conclude after
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1. State-imposed racial segregation
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grants, for example? If so, what pr
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If initial assignments by race subj
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As the Court put it in Boiling v. S
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seems to arise. The cost of public
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children of the same family to atte
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The Fifth Circuit appears to be on
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to exhaust administrative remedies
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students wishing to do so could reg
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In Northcross v. Board of Education
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standards, was rejected on "attitud
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Curriculum disparities as between w
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to be approved or disapproved by a
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their schools, as required by law."
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4. Desegregation in the South By Ma
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enrollment. In September 1960, Air
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the school year. 88 While the numbe
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hand, they were openly—this time
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Maryland All of the 23 school distr
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tion. 80 One Negro pupil was assign
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The North Carolina Advisory Committ
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eligible Negro students quietly ent
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white counterparts. Their overall a
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Fairfax County, which has a very sm
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Our dual system of schools is the b
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having only a few Negro pupils have
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The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
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to maintain segregated schools for
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and authorized school boards to pro
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desegregated schools. 86 This legis
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and New Orleans—was under court o
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It had become clear that New Orlean
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South Carolina Statutes enacted dur
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6. The Threat to Education ... no i
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act, and a 1959 amendment withholdi
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ther to close other schools in any
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given authority to call an election
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from certain schools was voided by
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funds were available. The school bo
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The financing of these private scho
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and other forms of governmental par
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should be kept in mind when we spea
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public schools because of tuition g
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7. Segregation North and West At le
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y school authorities. All these pow
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easonable, and educationally sound.
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classes and school, attend the scho
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choice is between two schools havin
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thorough elimination of segregation
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INFERIORITY OF THE SCHOOL From 1896
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Having put the power of assignment
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suit in serious disparities in staf
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sponsored; others are private, volu
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same students had made the previous
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sional techniques involved in purpo
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Another approach is to improve his
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January January 1958 1961</
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IQ scores of 108, 128, 99, and 125
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1. The gains in reading comprehensi
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Inservice programs to upgrade teach
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serves. Thus, Oak Park and Carver p
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sponsored. An exception is the tuto
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9. Southern Libraries Sixteen years
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council adopted an ordinance restri
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three Negro students from Virginia
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conduct of public library services.
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Act program, the Southern States re
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10. Role of the Executive Branch Ea
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or to submit plans to accomplish de
Page 169 and 170: gate and report his findings. On th
Page 171 and 172: THE LOUISIANA CASES An Interpositio
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Page 175 and 176: As to the contention that the Unite
Page 177 and 178: At the hearing at which the court r
Page 179 and 180: Appropriate action to vindicate the
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Page 183 and 184: 11. The Colleges In January <strong
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Page 187 and 188: In May 1961 a Negr
Page 189 and 190: 12. Conclusions The Nation's progre
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Page 193 and 194: have made some start towards compli
Page 195 and 196: Need for Federal protection 17. The
Page 197 and 198: of equal protection in public schoo
Page 199 and 200: tended, to serve as a clearinghouse
Page 201: the number and ethnic classificatio
Page 204 and 205: NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 2 1. Brow
Page 206 and 207: Notes: Education, Chapter 3—Conti
Page 212 and 213: NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 4 1. Cf.
Page 234 and 235: NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 7 1. See
Page 246 and 247: Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
Page 248 and 249: Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
Page 250 and 251: Notes: Education, Chapter u—Conti
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Page 254 and 255: TABLE 2.—Status of segregation-de
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Page 258 and 259: EXHIBIT i Bureau of the Budget No.
Page 260 and 261: (3) Fill in blanks under columns th
Page 262 and 263: GARDINER, "National Library Week—
Page 264 and 265: U.S. Commission on
Page 266 and 267: LIST OF CASES CITED—Continued Pag
Page 268 and 269: LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued In
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LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued Pag
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