1961 US Commission on Civil Rights Report Book 2 - University of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Floyd County was the second Virginia community to experience school desegregation for the first time in 1959-60. It is in the southwestern part of the State and has a relatively small Negro population. On September 23, 1959, a Federal judge ordered admission of 13 Negro students to the county's 2 formerly white high schools effective January 25, igGo. 138 Before this there had been no high school serving Negroes within the county. On November 12, 1959, the school board assigned the pupils pursuant to the court's order, but the outcome was doubtful for a while because the county board of supervisors passed a fund cutoff ordinance under which it could close schools on short notice. Nevertheless, on January 25, 1960, the 12 Negro pupils entered the high schools without incident, no action having been taken by the county board of supervisors to close the schools. The third district, Pulaski County, which, like Floyd, is in the southwestern section of the State where the Negro population is small, desegregated initially in September 1960 when a Federal court ordered the admission of 14 Negro pupils to one of the county's 2 high schools. 139 Before this there was no high school available to Negro pupils within the county. The 14 Negroes were enrolled in school with 1,231 white pupils. The one high school of the city of Galax in Grayson County was desegregated in September 1960 under unusual circumstances in that the seven Negro students admitted to Galax High School were residents of Grayson County outside the city. They were ordered admitted to the school by a Federal court which declared that under the contract between Galax City and Grayson County, Negro students were entitled to the same treatment as white students similarly situated. 140 They were enrolled in the school with 613 white students. 141 Desegregation suits were pending against two of the three school districts, the City of Richmond and Fairfax County—where Negro pupils were voluntarily assigned by the State Pupil Placement Board to formerly white schools for the first time effective for the fall term of 1960. Two public schools were also desegregated in Roanoke by action of the board although no suit is known to have been pending there. 142 These were the first voluntary assignments of Negro pupils to formerly white schools by the board since its creation in 1956. Suit was filed in September 1958 14S to desegregate the public schools of Richmond, but it was not until September 1960 that the State Pupil Placement Board assigned 2 Negroes to a school attended by 766 white pupils. 144 The desegregation reportedly took place without incident. Richmond is, at the writing of this report, the only one of Virginia's desegregated school districts in which the Negro public school population exceeds the white. As of November 1960 the public schools of Richmond enrolled 17,980 white, and 22,164 Negro pupils. 148 56
Fairfax County, which has a very small Negro population, was desegregated in August 1960 when the State Pupil Placement Board assigned five Negro pupils to formerly white elementary schools under the county's grade-a-year plan. 146 But in September 1960 a Federal judge rejected the plan on the ground that 6 years after the Supreme Court decision in the School Segregation Cases, the 12-year plan was too slow— in view of the small number of Negro pupils in the system. The Court ordered 19 addditional Negro pupils, plaintiffs in the desegregation suit, admitted to the appropriate grade at white or predominantly white schools. 147 The 24 Negro pupils were scattered in 8 schools which have a total white enrollment of 6,835 pupils. 148 Immediately thereafter the Fairfax County School Board banned Negro participation in interscholastic sports. 149 Suit was filed in behalf of two Negro students challenging the constitutionality of the resolution 15 ° and on February 21, <strong>1961</strong>, the school board rescinded the ban. 151 In the fall of 1960, 9 Roanoke Negro elementary and junior high school pupils entered 3 formerly white schools having a total enrollment of 1,770 white pupils by assignment of the State Pupil Placement Board. 152 Mr. E. W. Ruston, Superintendent of Schools for Roanoke, in a written statement to the <strong>Commission</strong> for the Williamsburg conference reported that desegregation began in an orderly fashion and the school year got underway satisfactorily. On October 17, 1960, three of the nine Negro pupils were barred from attending a Roanoke Symphony Orchestra concert with their classmates. 153 West Virginia West Virginia, like Missouri, has no official reports on progress in desegregation. All its school districts having Negro pupils announced a nondiscriminatory admission policy by the close of the school year 1958— 59, 154 but in some areas of the State it is reported that Negro children do not seek transfer to white schools. 155 The West Virginia Human Rights <strong>Commission</strong> (created in <strong>1961</strong>) 156 may provide official information on the desegregation process in the future. Table 2, appendix IV, shows by States the number of Negro pupils enrolled in school with whites in 1960-61. 157 THE SEGREGATED STATES Complete public school segregation has been maintained in Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Georgia. 57
Page 1:
1961 United States
Page 4 and 5:
KF 4755 .A822 1961
Page 6 and 7:
Page CHAPTER 4. DESEGREGATION IN TH
Page 8 and 9:
Page Summary 135 CHAPTER 9. SOUTHER
Page 11 and 12:
General Contents: Books 1-5 Book I:
Page 13 and 14:
Foreword The United States
Page 15 and 16:
Inaction of government officials ha
Page 17 and 18:
pan iv. Education 1. Introduction O
Page 19:
equire or permit segregation by rac
Page 22 and 23: for the two races. 8 After the clea
Page 24 and 25: district court might conclude after
Page 26 and 27: 1. State-imposed racial segregation
Page 28 and 29: grants, for example? If so, what pr
Page 30 and 31: If initial assignments by race subj
Page 32 and 33: As the Court put it in Boiling v. S
Page 34 and 35: seems to arise. The cost of public
Page 36 and 37: children of the same family to atte
Page 38 and 39: The Fifth Circuit appears to be on
Page 40 and 41: to exhaust administrative remedies
Page 42 and 43: students wishing to do so could reg
Page 44 and 45: In Northcross v. Board of Education
Page 46 and 47: standards, was rejected on "attitud
Page 48 and 49: Curriculum disparities as between w
Page 50 and 51: to be approved or disapproved by a
Page 52 and 53: their schools, as required by law."
Page 55 and 56: 4. Desegregation in the South By Ma
Page 57 and 58: enrollment. In September 1960, Air
Page 59 and 60: the school year. 88 While the numbe
Page 61 and 62: hand, they were openly—this time
Page 63 and 64: Maryland All of the 23 school distr
Page 65 and 66: tion. 80 One Negro pupil was assign
Page 67 and 68: The North Carolina Advisory Committ
Page 69 and 70: eligible Negro students quietly ent
Page 71: white counterparts. Their overall a
Page 75 and 76: Our dual system of schools is the b
Page 77 and 78: having only a few Negro pupils have
Page 79: The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
Page 82 and 83: to maintain segregated schools for
Page 84 and 85: and authorized school boards to pro
Page 86 and 87: desegregated schools. 86 This legis
Page 88 and 89: and New Orleans—was under court o
Page 90 and 91: It had become clear that New Orlean
Page 92 and 93: South Carolina Statutes enacted dur
Page 95 and 96: 6. The Threat to Education ... no i
Page 97 and 98: act, and a 1959 amendment withholdi
Page 99 and 100: ther to close other schools in any
Page 101 and 102: given authority to call an election
Page 103 and 104: from certain schools was voided by
Page 105 and 106: funds were available. The school bo
Page 107 and 108: The financing of these private scho
Page 109 and 110: and other forms of governmental par
Page 111 and 112: should be kept in mind when we spea
Page 113 and 114: public schools because of tuition g
Page 115 and 116: 7. Segregation North and West At le
Page 117 and 118: y school authorities. All these pow
Page 119 and 120: easonable, and educationally sound.
Page 121 and 122: classes and school, attend the scho
Page 123 and 124:
choice is between two schools havin
Page 125 and 126:
thorough elimination of segregation
Page 127 and 128:
INFERIORITY OF THE SCHOOL From 1896
Page 129 and 130:
Having put the power of assignment
Page 131:
suit in serious disparities in staf
Page 134 and 135:
sponsored; others are private, volu
Page 136 and 137:
same students had made the previous
Page 138 and 139:
sional techniques involved in purpo
Page 140 and 141:
Another approach is to improve his
Page 142 and 143:
January January 1958 1961</
Page 144 and 145:
IQ scores of 108, 128, 99, and 125
Page 146 and 147:
1. The gains in reading comprehensi
Page 148 and 149:
Inservice programs to upgrade teach
Page 150 and 151:
serves. Thus, Oak Park and Carver p
Page 152 and 153:
sponsored. An exception is the tuto
Page 155 and 156:
9. Southern Libraries Sixteen years
Page 157 and 158:
council adopted an ordinance restri
Page 159 and 160:
three Negro students from Virginia
Page 161 and 162:
conduct of public library services.
Page 163 and 164:
Act program, the Southern States re
Page 165 and 166:
10. Role of the Executive Branch Ea
Page 167 and 168:
or to submit plans to accomplish de
Page 169 and 170:
gate and report his findings. On th
Page 171 and 172:
THE LOUISIANA CASES An Interpositio
Page 173 and 174:
circumvented would subvert our cons
Page 175 and 176:
As to the contention that the Unite
Page 177 and 178:
At the hearing at which the court r
Page 179 and 180:
Appropriate action to vindicate the
Page 181 and 182:
the formulation of a desegregation
Page 183 and 184:
11. The Colleges In January <strong
Page 185 and 186:
applicants seeking admission to sai
Page 187 and 188:
In May 1961 a Negr
Page 189 and 190:
12. Conclusions The Nation's progre
Page 191 and 192:
schools provide elementary school i
Page 193 and 194:
have made some start towards compli
Page 195 and 196:
Need for Federal protection 17. The
Page 197 and 198:
of equal protection in public schoo
Page 199 and 200:
tended, to serve as a clearinghouse
Page 201:
the number and ethnic classificatio
Page 204 and 205:
NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 2 1. Brow
Page 206 and 207:
Notes: Education, Chapter 3—Conti
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 4 1. Cf.
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 7 1. See
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
Page 248 and 249:
Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
Page 250 and 251:
Notes: Education, Chapter u—Conti
Page 252 and 253:
236
Page 254 and 255:
TABLE 2.—Status of segregation-de
Page 256 and 257:
240
Page 258 and 259:
EXHIBIT i Bureau of the Budget No.
Page 260 and 261:
(3) Fill in blanks under columns th
Page 262 and 263:
GARDINER, "National Library Week—
Page 264 and 265:
U.S. Commission on
Page 266 and 267:
LIST OF CASES CITED—Continued Pag
Page 268 and 269:
LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued In
Page 270:
LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued Pag
show all

1961 US Commission on Civil Rights Report Book 2 - University of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?