1961 US Commission on Civil Rights Report Book 2 - University of ...

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Alabama Governor John Patterson of Alabama said in a news conference on December 7, 1960, that the riots in Little Rock and New Orleans were nothing compared to what might happen in his State if efforts are made to desegregate its schools. He told the news conference that there would be no way to avoid trouble "if the Federal Government continues its present approach." He is further reported to have said that the people in Alabama "might as well make up their minds that they're going to have to go to private schools or shut down the schools," if the Federal Government attempts to desegregate them. 158 "I'll be one of the first ones stirring up trouble," the Governor declared, at the same time emphasizing that he would not tolerate mob violence if it could be prevented. 159 The decision in Shuttleworth v. Birmingham Board of Education 16 ° which upheld the constitutionality of the Alabama Pupil Placement Law (as distinct from its administration) on its face appears to have been interpreted by Alabama officials as a license to continue to operate schools on a segregated basis. All public schools in Alabama remain completely segregated. In June 1960 a suit was filed to enjoin the Birmingham Board of Education from operating segregated schools but no hearing has been set. 160 * Mississippi Governor Ross R. Barnett of Mississippi in his inaugural message on January 19, 1960, said: lfll Our people, both white and colored, throughout generations, have successfully operated a dual system of education because we know it is best for both races. I know that this is the best and only system and I believe that the thinking people of both races feel the same way about it. Regardless, our schools at all levels must be kept segregated at all costs. Although the Supreme Court of the United States declared in 1954 that segregated education was "inherently unequal" and therefore inferior, it remains the only kind of education available to public school pupils in Mississippi. The public schools of the State are completely segregated; no public school desegregation suit is pending, or has ever been filed, in any court in that State. 162 South Carolina The official attitude of South Carolina toward school desegregation is reflected in an observation of Olin D. Johnston, United States Senator from that State: m 58
Our dual system of schools is the best in the Nation and the relationship we have between the races is the envy of those upon whom integration has been forced. ... In the face of much unreality and great danger, there are those in our country who favor integration in our schools. ... It is not good for the white children or the colored children. Both will lose if integration is forced upon us. ... There is no "racial mixing" in the public schools of South Carolina, though 7 years have passed since the Supreme Court decision in Briggs v. Elliot, involving a district in that State 164 (one of the four School Segregation Cases. This in spite of the order on remand that school desegregation proceed with "all deliberate speed." 105 A single desegregated on base school operated by the Federal Government represents the only racially mixed school in the State of South Carolina. 186 PROSPECTS Georgia Georgia 166a is the only presently segregated Deep South State where there is any prospect for desegregation in the immediate future. Atlanta is under Federal court order to initiate desegregation on the 11 th- and lath-grade levels in September ig6i. 167 Mayor William B. Hartsfield of Atlanta predicated that desegregation would take place without major trouble: 168 There will be desultory efforts to cause trouble, mostly from outside of Atlanta by people who want to embarrass us. We have plans to deal with these promptly and decisively. We are not going to set any stages for demonstrations. Governor Vandiver expressed similar views. He has said that he would use "whatever forces are necessary" to keep order when the Atlanta schools are desegregated. Although the Governor is vehemently in disagreement with the Supreme Court's decision in the School Segregation Cases and thinks that it "was wrong at the outset and is still wrong today," he added: 169 However, the city of Atlanta is under a court order, and no matter how much I might disagree with it, that court order in fact exists. Unless the State of Georgia wants to secede from the United States and fire on Fort McPherson out here, we'll have to obey that 59
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1961 United States
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KF 4755 .A822 1961
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Page CHAPTER 4. DESEGREGATION IN TH
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Page Summary 135 CHAPTER 9. SOUTHER
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General Contents: Books 1-5 Book I:
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Foreword The United States
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Inaction of government officials ha
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pan iv. Education 1. Introduction O
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equire or permit segregation by rac
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for the two races. 8 After the clea
Page 24 and 25: district court might conclude after
Page 26 and 27: 1. State-imposed racial segregation
Page 28 and 29: grants, for example? If so, what pr
Page 30 and 31: If initial assignments by race subj
Page 32 and 33: As the Court put it in Boiling v. S
Page 34 and 35: seems to arise. The cost of public
Page 36 and 37: children of the same family to atte
Page 38 and 39: The Fifth Circuit appears to be on
Page 40 and 41: to exhaust administrative remedies
Page 42 and 43: students wishing to do so could reg
Page 44 and 45: In Northcross v. Board of Education
Page 46 and 47: standards, was rejected on "attitud
Page 48 and 49: Curriculum disparities as between w
Page 50 and 51: to be approved or disapproved by a
Page 52 and 53: their schools, as required by law."
Page 55 and 56: 4. Desegregation in the South By Ma
Page 57 and 58: enrollment. In September 1960, Air
Page 59 and 60: the school year. 88 While the numbe
Page 61 and 62: hand, they were openly—this time
Page 63 and 64: Maryland All of the 23 school distr
Page 65 and 66: tion. 80 One Negro pupil was assign
Page 67 and 68: The North Carolina Advisory Committ
Page 69 and 70: eligible Negro students quietly ent
Page 71 and 72: white counterparts. Their overall a
Page 73: Fairfax County, which has a very sm
Page 77 and 78: having only a few Negro pupils have
Page 79: The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
Page 82 and 83: to maintain segregated schools for
Page 84 and 85: and authorized school boards to pro
Page 86 and 87: desegregated schools. 86 This legis
Page 88 and 89: and New Orleans—was under court o
Page 90 and 91: It had become clear that New Orlean
Page 92 and 93: South Carolina Statutes enacted dur
Page 95 and 96: 6. The Threat to Education ... no i
Page 97 and 98: act, and a 1959 amendment withholdi
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Page 101 and 102: given authority to call an election
Page 103 and 104: from certain schools was voided by
Page 105 and 106: funds were available. The school bo
Page 107 and 108: The financing of these private scho
Page 109 and 110: and other forms of governmental par
Page 111 and 112: should be kept in mind when we spea
Page 113 and 114: public schools because of tuition g
Page 115 and 116: 7. Segregation North and West At le
Page 117 and 118: y school authorities. All these pow
Page 119 and 120: easonable, and educationally sound.
Page 121 and 122: classes and school, attend the scho
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thorough elimination of segregation
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INFERIORITY OF THE SCHOOL From 1896
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Having put the power of assignment
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suit in serious disparities in staf
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sponsored; others are private, volu
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same students had made the previous
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sional techniques involved in purpo
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Another approach is to improve his
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January January 1958 1961</
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IQ scores of 108, 128, 99, and 125
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1. The gains in reading comprehensi
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Inservice programs to upgrade teach
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serves. Thus, Oak Park and Carver p
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sponsored. An exception is the tuto
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9. Southern Libraries Sixteen years
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council adopted an ordinance restri
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three Negro students from Virginia
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conduct of public library services.
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Act program, the Southern States re
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10. Role of the Executive Branch Ea
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or to submit plans to accomplish de
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gate and report his findings. On th
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THE LOUISIANA CASES An Interpositio
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circumvented would subvert our cons
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As to the contention that the Unite
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At the hearing at which the court r
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Appropriate action to vindicate the
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the formulation of a desegregation
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11. The Colleges In January <strong
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applicants seeking admission to sai
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In May 1961 a Negr
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12. Conclusions The Nation's progre
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schools provide elementary school i
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have made some start towards compli
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Need for Federal protection 17. The
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of equal protection in public schoo
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tended, to serve as a clearinghouse
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the number and ethnic classificatio
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NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 2 1. Brow
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Notes: Education, Chapter 3—Conti
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NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 4 1. Cf.
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NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 7 1. See
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Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
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Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
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Notes: Education, Chapter u—Conti
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236
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TABLE 2.—Status of segregation-de
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240
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EXHIBIT i Bureau of the Budget No.
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(3) Fill in blanks under columns th
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GARDINER, "National Library Week—
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U.S. Commission on
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LIST OF CASES CITED—Continued Pag
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LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued In
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LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued Pag
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