1961 US Commission on Civil Rights Report Book 2 - University of ...

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Page CHAPTER 4. DESEGREGATION IN THE SOUTH 39 Initial Desegregation 1959-61 39 Florida 39 Louisiana 41 Previously Desegregated States 43 Arkansas 44 Delaware 45 Kentucky 46 Maryland 47 Missouri 47 North Carolina 48 Oklahoma 51 Tennessee 51 Texas 53 The Houston Story 53 Virginia 55 West Virginia 57 The Segregated States 57 Alabama 58 Mississippi 58 South Carolina 58 Prospects 59 Georgia 59 Texas 60 Tennessee 61 Florida 61 Arkansas 61 Delaware 61 Virginia 62 Kentucky 62 North Carolina 62 CHAPTER 5. LEGISLATIVE RESISTANCE 65 1959 Legislative Sessions 67 Virginia 67 Tennessee 68 Alabama 68 Florida 68 Arkansas 69 Georgia 69 1960 Legislative Sessions 70 Mississippi 70 South Carolina 70 Virginia 71 Georgia 71 IV
1960 Legislative^Sessions—Continued Page Louisiana , 73 <strong>1961</strong> Legislative Sessions 75 Arkansas 75 Louisiana 75 South Carolina 76 Georgia 76 CHAPTER 6. THE THREAT TO EDUCATION 79 School Closing Laws 80 Constitutionality 85 The Cutting-off of Public Funds 86 Compulsory Attendance Laws 87 Tuition Grants and Private Schools 88 Closed Schools and Tuition Grants in Virginia 89 Norfolk 90 Charlottesville 90 Warren County 91 Prince Edward County 91 Constitutionality of Tuition Grants 92 Implications 94 Conclusion 97 CHAPTER 7. SEGREGATION NORTH AND WEST 99 Gerrymandering 101 Transfer Policy 104 Site Selection 107 Inferiority of the School 111 CHAPTER 8. PROBLEMS AND PROGRAMS 117 Closing the Gap 118 Ability Grouping 118 By Schools 118 By Programs 118 By Classes 119 Supervised Home Study 119 Transitional Control 122 Career Clubs 122 Specific Programs 123 The Phelps-Stokes Project 124 The Banneker Group Program 125 New York Demonstration Guidance 127 "Higher Horizons" Program 129 Greater Cities-Grey Area Programs 131 Oak Park, Michigan 132 Dillard University Program , 134 V
Page 1: 1961 United States
Page 4 and 5: KF 4755 .A822 1961
Page 8 and 9: Page Summary 135 CHAPTER 9. SOUTHER
Page 11 and 12: General Contents: Books 1-5 Book I:
Page 13 and 14: Foreword The United States
Page 15 and 16: Inaction of government officials ha
Page 17 and 18: pan iv. Education 1. Introduction O
Page 19: equire or permit segregation by rac
Page 22 and 23: for the two races. 8 After the clea
Page 24 and 25: district court might conclude after
Page 26 and 27: 1. State-imposed racial segregation
Page 28 and 29: grants, for example? If so, what pr
Page 30 and 31: If initial assignments by race subj
Page 32 and 33: As the Court put it in Boiling v. S
Page 34 and 35: seems to arise. The cost of public
Page 36 and 37: children of the same family to atte
Page 38 and 39: The Fifth Circuit appears to be on
Page 40 and 41: to exhaust administrative remedies
Page 42 and 43: students wishing to do so could reg
Page 44 and 45: In Northcross v. Board of Education
Page 46 and 47: standards, was rejected on "attitud
Page 48 and 49: Curriculum disparities as between w
Page 50 and 51: to be approved or disapproved by a
Page 52 and 53: their schools, as required by law."
Page 55 and 56: 4. Desegregation in the South By Ma
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enrollment. In September 1960, Air
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the school year. 88 While the numbe
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hand, they were openly—this time
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Maryland All of the 23 school distr
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tion. 80 One Negro pupil was assign
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The North Carolina Advisory Committ
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eligible Negro students quietly ent
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white counterparts. Their overall a
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Fairfax County, which has a very sm
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Our dual system of schools is the b
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having only a few Negro pupils have
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The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
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to maintain segregated schools for
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and authorized school boards to pro
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desegregated schools. 86 This legis
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and New Orleans—was under court o
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It had become clear that New Orlean
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South Carolina Statutes enacted dur
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6. The Threat to Education ... no i
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act, and a 1959 amendment withholdi
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ther to close other schools in any
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given authority to call an election
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from certain schools was voided by
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funds were available. The school bo
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The financing of these private scho
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and other forms of governmental par
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should be kept in mind when we spea
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public schools because of tuition g
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7. Segregation North and West At le
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y school authorities. All these pow
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easonable, and educationally sound.
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classes and school, attend the scho
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choice is between two schools havin
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thorough elimination of segregation
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INFERIORITY OF THE SCHOOL From 1896
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Having put the power of assignment
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suit in serious disparities in staf
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sponsored; others are private, volu
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same students had made the previous
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sional techniques involved in purpo
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Another approach is to improve his
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January January 1958 1961</
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IQ scores of 108, 128, 99, and 125
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1. The gains in reading comprehensi
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Inservice programs to upgrade teach
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serves. Thus, Oak Park and Carver p
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sponsored. An exception is the tuto
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9. Southern Libraries Sixteen years
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council adopted an ordinance restri
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three Negro students from Virginia
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conduct of public library services.
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Act program, the Southern States re
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10. Role of the Executive Branch Ea
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or to submit plans to accomplish de
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gate and report his findings. On th
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THE LOUISIANA CASES An Interpositio
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circumvented would subvert our cons
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As to the contention that the Unite
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At the hearing at which the court r
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Appropriate action to vindicate the
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the formulation of a desegregation
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11. The Colleges In January <strong
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applicants seeking admission to sai
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In May 1961 a Negr
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12. Conclusions The Nation's progre
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schools provide elementary school i
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have made some start towards compli
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Need for Federal protection 17. The
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of equal protection in public schoo
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tended, to serve as a clearinghouse
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the number and ethnic classificatio
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NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 2 1. Brow
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Notes: Education, Chapter 3—Conti
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Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 4 1. Cf.
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NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 7 1. See
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Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
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Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
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Notes: Education, Chapter u—Conti
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236
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TABLE 2.—Status of segregation-de
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240
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EXHIBIT i Bureau of the Budget No.
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(3) Fill in blanks under columns th
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GARDINER, "National Library Week—
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U.S. Commission on
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LIST OF CASES CITED—Continued Pag
Page 268 and 269:
LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued In
Page 270:
LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued Pag
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