U.S. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>: C<strong>on</strong>ference in Nashville, Tenn,, Before the U.S. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>, Educati<strong>on</strong>, 1959. C<strong>on</strong>ference in Gatlinburg, Tenn., Before the U.S. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>, Educati<strong>on</strong>, 1960. C<strong>on</strong>ference in Williamsburg, Va., Before the U.S. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>, Educati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>1961</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Equal Protecti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Laws in Public Higher Educati<strong>on</strong>, 1960. Hearings in Los Angeles and San Francisco, Calif., Before the U.S. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>, 1960. Hearings in Detroit, Mich., Before the U.S. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>, 1960. U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Defense, Assistant Secretary, Letter to the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>, July 17, <str<strong>on</strong>g>1961</str<strong>on</strong>g>. U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Health, Educati<strong>on</strong>, and Welfare, Federal Funds for Educati<strong>on</strong> 1956—5? and 1957-58, (1959). U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Health, Educati<strong>on</strong>, and Welfare, Public Health Service Grants and Awards, Fiscal Year 1960. U.S. L. Week: abbreviati<strong>on</strong> for U.S. Law Week. Va., <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Educati<strong>on</strong>, Educati<strong>on</strong> in Virginia, Mar. 31, 1959. Va. L. Rev.: abbreviati<strong>on</strong> for Virginia Law Review. Va., State Board <strong>of</strong> Educati<strong>on</strong>, The Standardized Testing Program, 1959- 6 o- Vill. L. Rev.: abbreviati<strong>on</strong> for Villanova Law Review. WEY AND COREY, Acti<strong>on</strong> Patterns in School Desegregati<strong>on</strong>: A Guide <strong>Book</strong>. Bloomingt<strong>on</strong>, Ind.: Phi Delta Kappa, Inc., 1958. Williamsburg C<strong>on</strong>ference: abbreviati<strong>on</strong> for C<strong>on</strong>ference in Williamsburg, Va., Before the U.S. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>, Educati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>1961</str<strong>on</strong>g>. 248
LIST OF CASES CITED Aar<strong>on</strong> v. Cooper, 143 F. Supp. 855 (E.D. Ark. 1956), aff'd, 243 F. 2d 361, (8th Cir. 1957), cert, denied, 357 U.S. 566 (1958) 152 Aar<strong>on</strong> v. Cooper, 156 F. Supp. 220, (E.D. Ark. 1957), qff'd, sub nom., Faubus v. United States, 254 F. 2d 797 (8th Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 829 (1958) 152 Aar<strong>on</strong> v. Cooper, 163 F. Supp. 13 (E.D. Ark. 1957), rev'd, 257 F. 2d 33 (8th Cir. 1958), aff'd, sub nom., Cooper v. Aar<strong>on</strong>, 358 U.S. i (i958) '54 Aar<strong>on</strong> v. Cooper, 261 F. 2d 97 (8th Cir. 1958) 154 Aar<strong>on</strong> v. McKinley, 173 F. Supp. 944 (E.D. Ark. 1959), qff'd, sub nom., Faubus v. Aar<strong>on</strong>, 361 U.S. 197 (1959) 44, 65, 81, 154 Aar<strong>on</strong> v. Tucker, 186 F. Supp. 913 (E.D. Ark. 1960) 44 Adkins v. School Board <strong>of</strong> Newport News, 148 F. Supp. 430 (E.D. Va. I957) 5 aff'd, 2 46 F. 2d 325 (4th Cir. 1957), cert, denied, 355 U.S. 855 0957) 65 Allen v. Prince Edward County School Board, Civ. No. 1333, E.D. Va., 1960 86 Allen v. County School Board <strong>of</strong> Prince Edward County, Civ. No. 1333, E.D. Va., <str<strong>on</strong>g>1961</str<strong>on</strong>g> 93, 162 Allen v. School Board <strong>of</strong> the City <strong>of</strong> Charlottesville, Civ. No. 51, W.D. Va., Sept. 13, 1958, 3 Race Rel. L. Rep. 937 (1958) 55 Allen v. School Board <strong>of</strong> the City <strong>of</strong> Charlottesville, Civ. No. 51, W.D. Va., Mar. 30, 1959, Sept. 5, 1959, 4 Race Rel. L. Rep. 881 (1959). Alm<strong>on</strong>d v. Day, 89 S.E. 2d 581 (Va. 1955) 89 American Federati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> Labor v. Wats<strong>on</strong>, 327 U.S. 582 (1946) 153 Beckett v. School Board <strong>of</strong> the City <strong>of</strong> Norfolk, Civ. No. 2214, E.D. Va., Aug. 25, 1958, 3 Race Rel. L. Rep. 946 (1958), Sept, 18, 1958, 3 Race Rel. L. Rep. 1155 (1958) 16, 25, 30 Beckett v. School Board <strong>of</strong> Norfolk, 185 F. Supp. 459 (E.D. Va. 1959). . 25, 28 Blackwell v. Fairfax County School Board, Civ. No. 1967, E.D. Va., Sept. 22, 1960, 5 Race Rel. L. Rep. 1056 (1960) 30, 35, 43, 57 Boiling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954) 16 Borders v. Rippy, 184 F. Supp. 402 (N.D. Tex. 1960) 6, 18 Bos<strong>on</strong> v. Rippy, 285 F. 2d 43 (5th Cir. 1960) 18, 34 Brewer v. Hoxie School District No. 46 <strong>of</strong> Lawrence County, Arkansas, 135 F. Supp. 296 (E.D. Ark. 1955), 137 F. Supp. 364 (E.D. Ark. 1956), afd, 238 F. 2d 91 (8th Cir. 1956) 16, 151 Briggs v. Elliott, 132 F. Supp. 776 (E.D. S.C. 1955) 17, 26, 59, 79 Brown v. Board <strong>of</strong> Educati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) . . i, 5, 9, 59, 7 2 Brown v. Board <strong>of</strong> Educati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> Topeka, 349 U.S. 294 (1955) 35 Burt<strong>on</strong> v. Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> Parking Authority ,365 U.S. 715 (<str<strong>on</strong>g>1961</str<strong>on</strong>g>) 113 Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board, 138 F. Supp. 335 (E.D. La. 1956). 6 Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board, Civ. No. 3630, E.D. La., July 15, 1959, 4 Race Rel. L. Rep. 581 (1959) ?2 Page 249
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1961 United States
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KF 4755 .A822 1961
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Page CHAPTER 4. DESEGREGATION IN TH
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Page Summary 135 CHAPTER 9. SOUTHER
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General Contents: Books 1-5 Book I:
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Foreword The United States
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Inaction of government officials ha
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pan iv. Education 1. Introduction O
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equire or permit segregation by rac
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for the two races. 8 After the clea
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district court might conclude after
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1. State-imposed racial segregation
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grants, for example? If so, what pr
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If initial assignments by race subj
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As the Court put it in Boiling v. S
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seems to arise. The cost of public
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children of the same family to atte
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The Fifth Circuit appears to be on
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to exhaust administrative remedies
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students wishing to do so could reg
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In Northcross v. Board of Education
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standards, was rejected on "attitud
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Curriculum disparities as between w
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to be approved or disapproved by a
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their schools, as required by law."
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4. Desegregation in the South By Ma
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enrollment. In September 1960, Air
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the school year. 88 While the numbe
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hand, they were openly—this time
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Maryland All of the 23 school distr
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tion. 80 One Negro pupil was assign
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The North Carolina Advisory Committ
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eligible Negro students quietly ent
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white counterparts. Their overall a
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Fairfax County, which has a very sm
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Our dual system of schools is the b
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having only a few Negro pupils have
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The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
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to maintain segregated schools for
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and authorized school boards to pro
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desegregated schools. 86 This legis
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and New Orleans—was under court o
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It had become clear that New Orlean
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South Carolina Statutes enacted dur
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6. The Threat to Education ... no i
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act, and a 1959 amendment withholdi
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ther to close other schools in any
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given authority to call an election
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from certain schools was voided by
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funds were available. The school bo
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The financing of these private scho
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and other forms of governmental par
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should be kept in mind when we spea
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public schools because of tuition g
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7. Segregation North and West At le
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y school authorities. All these pow
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easonable, and educationally sound.
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classes and school, attend the scho
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choice is between two schools havin
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thorough elimination of segregation
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INFERIORITY OF THE SCHOOL From 1896
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Having put the power of assignment
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suit in serious disparities in staf
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sponsored; others are private, volu
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same students had made the previous
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sional techniques involved in purpo
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Another approach is to improve his
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January January 1958 1961</
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IQ scores of 108, 128, 99, and 125
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1. The gains in reading comprehensi
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Inservice programs to upgrade teach
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serves. Thus, Oak Park and Carver p
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sponsored. An exception is the tuto
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9. Southern Libraries Sixteen years
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council adopted an ordinance restri
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three Negro students from Virginia
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conduct of public library services.
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Act program, the Southern States re
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10. Role of the Executive Branch Ea
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or to submit plans to accomplish de
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gate and report his findings. On th
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THE LOUISIANA CASES An Interpositio
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circumvented would subvert our cons
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As to the contention that the Unite
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At the hearing at which the court r
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Appropriate action to vindicate the
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the formulation of a desegregation
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11. The Colleges In January <strong
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applicants seeking admission to sai
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In May 1961 a Negr
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12. Conclusions The Nation's progre
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schools provide elementary school i
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have made some start towards compli
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Need for Federal protection 17. The
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of equal protection in public schoo
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tended, to serve as a clearinghouse
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the number and ethnic classificatio
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NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 2 1. Brow
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Notes: Education, Chapter 3—Conti
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Notes: Education, Chapter 3—Conti
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Notes: Education, Chapter 3—Conti
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NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 4 1. Cf.
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