1961 US Commission on Civil Rights Report Book 2 - University of ...

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GARDINER, "National Library Week—For All?," America, Apr. 15, <strong>1961</strong>, p. 15. Gatlinburg Conference: abbreviation for Conference in Gatlinburg, Tenn., Before the U.S. <strong>Commission</strong> on Civil Rights, Education, 1960. Geo. Wash. L. Rev.: abbreviation for George Washington Law Review. Georgia, Conference on Educational Opportunities, Georgia's Divided Education, Sept. 1960. Georgia's General Assembly Committee on Schools, Report of the Majority, 1960. GIVENS, "The Impartial Constitutional Principles Supporting Brown v. Board of Education," 6 How. L. J. 179 (1960). GREEN AND GAUERKE, // The Schools Are Closed, Southern Regional Council, 1959. HEYMAN, "The Chief Justice, Racial Segregation, and the Friendly Critics," 49 Calif. L. Rev. 104 (<strong>1961</strong>). Houston (Tex.), Letter From Council on Human Relations, To the <strong>Commission</strong> on Civil Rights, May 7, <strong>1961</strong>. Houston (Tex.), Council on Human Relations, News, June 9, <strong>1961</strong>. How. L. /.: abbreviation for Howard Law Journal. JOHNSON AND WASHINGTON, "One or Three, Which Should It Be? Conjectures on Three-Judge Court Procedure," i How. L. J. 194 (1955)- JONES, Howard Mumford, "The Tradition of American Public Education," Appendix to Brief Amicus Curiae of the Attorney General of Massachusetts, Hall v. St. Helena Parish School Board, Civ. No. 10620, E.D. La. Library Journal. Louisiana State Advisory Committee, Subcommittee on Education, Report to the <strong>Commission</strong> on Civil Rights, The New Orleans Crisis, <strong>1961</strong>. Louisville (Ky.), Letter From Public Schools Director, Division Research, Records and Information, To the <strong>Commission</strong> on Civil Rights, Apr. 2, <strong>1961</strong>. LEWIS, "Meaning of State Action," 60 Calif. L. Rev. 1083 (1960). MANTA, "Discrimination Under the i4th Amendment—Expansion of the State Action Concept," 6 Vill. L. Rev. 218 (<strong>1961</strong>). Maryland <strong>Commission</strong> on Interracial Problems, Annual Report to the Governor, Jan. <strong>1961</strong>. Maryland, Report of Department of Education, Division of Administration, Finance and Research, Feb. <strong>1961</strong>. MASLOW, "De Facto Public School Segregation," 6 Vill L. Rev. 354 (<strong>1961</strong>). MAYER, "The Good Slum Schools," Harper's Magazine, Apr. <strong>1961</strong>. MEADOR, "The Constitution and the Assignment of Pupils to Public Schools," 45 Va. L. Rev. 417 (1959). 246
MEYER, Parent Action in School Integration, United Parents Associations, New York City, <strong>1961</strong>. M<strong>US</strong>E, Virginia's Massive Resistance, Indiana University Press, <strong>1961</strong>. Nashville Conference: abbreviation for Conference in Nashville, Tenn. t Before the U.S. <strong>Commission</strong> on Civil Rights, Education, 1959. New York City Board of Education, Demonstration Guidance Project, Fourth Annual Report, 1959-60. New York City Board of Education, Higher Horizons Program, First Annual Progress Report, 1959-60. N.Y. Times: abbreviation for New York Times. North Carolina Advisory Committee, Report to the <strong>Commission</strong> on Civil Rights, Oct. 1, 1960. N.C. L. Rev.: abbreviation for North Carolina Law Review. Philadelphia, Board of Public Education, For Every Child, The Story of Integration in the Philadelphia Public Schools, Oct. 1960. Pittsburgh, <strong>Commission</strong> on Human Relations, The Status of Education of Negroes in Philadelphia, Apr. 1960. POLLITT, "The President's Powers in Areas of Race Relations: An Exploration," 39 N.C. L. Rev. 238 (<strong>1961</strong>). Race Rel. L. Rep: abbreviation for Race Relations Law Reporter. 7959 Report: abbreviation for Report of the U.S. <strong>Commission</strong> on Civil Rights 7959. ROGERS, "Desegregation in the Schools; The Citizen's Responsibility," 45 Cornell L. Q. 488 (1960). SEXTON, Education and Income: Inequalities in Our Public Schools, Viking, <strong>1961</strong>. S.O.S., Inc., Tuition Grants for Louisiana, Apr. <strong>1961</strong>. Southern Education Reporting Service, Status of School Segregation- Desegregation in the Southern and Border States, Nov. 1960, May <strong>1961</strong>. Southern Regional Council, School Desegregation: The First 6 Years, 1960. Southern Region Council, The Federal Executive and Civil Rights, Jan. <strong>1961</strong>. So. School News: abbreviation for Southern School News. TAYLOR, "Actions in Equity by the United States to Enforce School Desegregation," 29 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 539 (<strong>1961</strong>). Texas Education Agency, Research Division, Public School Directory, 1959-60. U.S. Bureau of Census, U.S. Census of Population: 1960, Advance Reports, PC-A1, <strong>1961</strong>. U.S. Bureau of Census, News Release, CB 61-16, Mar. 24, <strong>1961</strong>. U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1957. 247
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1961 United States
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KF 4755 .A822 1961
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Page CHAPTER 4. DESEGREGATION IN TH
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Page Summary 135 CHAPTER 9. SOUTHER
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General Contents: Books 1-5 Book I:
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Foreword The United States
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Inaction of government officials ha
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pan iv. Education 1. Introduction O
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equire or permit segregation by rac
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for the two races. 8 After the clea
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district court might conclude after
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1. State-imposed racial segregation
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grants, for example? If so, what pr
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If initial assignments by race subj
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As the Court put it in Boiling v. S
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seems to arise. The cost of public
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children of the same family to atte
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The Fifth Circuit appears to be on
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to exhaust administrative remedies
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students wishing to do so could reg
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In Northcross v. Board of Education
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standards, was rejected on "attitud
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Curriculum disparities as between w
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to be approved or disapproved by a
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their schools, as required by law."
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4. Desegregation in the South By Ma
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enrollment. In September 1960, Air
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the school year. 88 While the numbe
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hand, they were openly—this time
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Maryland All of the 23 school distr
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tion. 80 One Negro pupil was assign
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The North Carolina Advisory Committ
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eligible Negro students quietly ent
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white counterparts. Their overall a
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Fairfax County, which has a very sm
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Our dual system of schools is the b
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having only a few Negro pupils have
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The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
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to maintain segregated schools for
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and authorized school boards to pro
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desegregated schools. 86 This legis
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and New Orleans—was under court o
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It had become clear that New Orlean
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South Carolina Statutes enacted dur
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6. The Threat to Education ... no i
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act, and a 1959 amendment withholdi
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ther to close other schools in any
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given authority to call an election
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from certain schools was voided by
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funds were available. The school bo
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The financing of these private scho
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and other forms of governmental par
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should be kept in mind when we spea
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public schools because of tuition g
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7. Segregation North and West At le
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y school authorities. All these pow
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easonable, and educationally sound.
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classes and school, attend the scho
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choice is between two schools havin
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thorough elimination of segregation
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INFERIORITY OF THE SCHOOL From 1896
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Having put the power of assignment
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suit in serious disparities in staf
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sponsored; others are private, volu
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same students had made the previous
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sional techniques involved in purpo
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Another approach is to improve his
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January January 1958 1961</
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IQ scores of 108, 128, 99, and 125
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1. The gains in reading comprehensi
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Inservice programs to upgrade teach
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serves. Thus, Oak Park and Carver p
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sponsored. An exception is the tuto
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9. Southern Libraries Sixteen years
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council adopted an ordinance restri
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three Negro students from Virginia
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conduct of public library services.
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Act program, the Southern States re
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10. Role of the Executive Branch Ea
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or to submit plans to accomplish de
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gate and report his findings. On th
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THE LOUISIANA CASES An Interpositio
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circumvented would subvert our cons
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As to the contention that the Unite
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At the hearing at which the court r
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Appropriate action to vindicate the
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the formulation of a desegregation
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11. The Colleges In January <strong
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applicants seeking admission to sai
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In May 1961 a Negr
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12. Conclusions The Nation's progre
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schools provide elementary school i
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have made some start towards compli
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Need for Federal protection 17. The
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of equal protection in public schoo
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tended, to serve as a clearinghouse
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the number and ethnic classificatio
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NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 2 1. Brow
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Notes: Education, Chapter 3—Conti
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Page 212 and 213: NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 4 1. Cf.
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Page 234 and 235: NOTES: EDUCATION, Chapter 7 1. See
Page 246 and 247: Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
Page 248 and 249: Notes: Education, Chapter 10—Cont
Page 250 and 251: Notes: Education, Chapter u—Conti
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Page 254 and 255: TABLE 2.—Status of segregation-de
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Page 258 and 259: EXHIBIT i Bureau of the Budget No.
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Page 266 and 267: LIST OF CASES CITED—Continued Pag
Page 268 and 269: LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued In
Page 270: LIST OF GASES CITED—Continued Pag
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