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City comedy 123 It bootless is to swear thou didst it not. MOSBY I hired Black Will and Shakebagge, Ruffians both, And they and I have done this murthrous deed. Between the Arden family tragedy and the plays of John Ford, there is a world of difference: from an English setting to the very frequent Italian setting; from simple language to highly figurative poetic language; from stark, almost documentary, drama to highly complex interaction of character and motive. There is an increasing use of violence and corruption to illustrate the playwrights’ concerns: but where an early Shakespearean tragedy such as Titus Andronicus revelled in blood and violence (under the influence of Seneca) to thrill the audience, the Jacobean and Caroline tragedies have a deeper purpose: humanity’s weaknesses and corruptibility have seldom found more vivid illustration. CITY COMEDY Jacobean city comedy contains several of the themes of domestic tragedy – unhappy marriages, debts, adultery, and so on. Such comedy makes the audience laugh at these themes and at the characters who enact them. Thomas Dekker’s The Shoemaker’s Holiday (1599) is one of the earliest of city comedies; Thomas Middleton’s A Mad World, My Masters, from the first decade of the new century, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside (1613) are among the most successful of the genre. At the climax of A Mad World, My Masters, Sir Bounteous finds the goods which had been stolen from him by his nephew Follywit and his friends, who presented a play as a pretext for their theft. A stolen watch, with an alarm, rings in Follywit’s pocket: SIR BOUNTEOUS Faith, son, would you had come sooner with these gentlemen. FOLLYWIT Why, grandsire? SIR BOUNTEOUS We had a play here. FOLLYWIT A play, sir? No. SIR BOUNTEOUS Yes, faith, a pox o’ th’ author! FOLLYWIT [aside] Bless us all! – Why, were they such vild ones, sir?
124 The Renaissance 1485–1660 SIR BOUNTEOUS I am sure villainous ones, sir. FOLLYWIT Some raw, simple fools? SIR BOUNTEOUS Nay, by th’ mass, these were enough for thievish knaves. FOLLYWIT What, sir? SIR BOUNTEOUS Which way came you, gentlemen? You could not choose but meet ’em. FOLLYWIT We met a company with hampers after ’em. SIR BOUNTEOUS Oh, those were they, those were they, a pox hamper ’em! FOLLYWIT [aside] Bless us all again! SIR BOUNTEOUS They have hamper’d me finely, sirrah. FOLLYWIT How, sir? SIR BOUNTEOUS How, sir? I lent the rascals properties to furnish out their play, a chain, a jewel, and a watch, and they watch’d their time and rid quite away with ’em. FOLLYWIT Are they such creatures? SIR BOUNTEOUS Hark, hark, gentlemen! By this light, the watch rings alarum in his pocket! There’s my watch come again, or the very cousin-german to ’t. Whose is ’t, whose is ’t? By th’ mass, ’tis he; hast thou one, son? Prithee bestow it upon thy grandsire. I now look for mine again, i’ faith. Nay, come with a good will or not at all; I’ll give thee a better thing. A prize, a prize, gentlemen! HAREBRAIN Great or small? SIR BOUNTEOUS At once I have drawn chain, jewel, watch, and all! Francis Beaumont in The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1607–8) parodies the conventions of old-fashioned chivalry, as a city apprentice takes parts in a ‘play-within-the-play’. Philip Massinger’s A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1625–26) remained one of the most popular social comedies for more than two hundred years. The theme of class superiority (the upper class, and the rising mercantile middle class) begins to be popular here, and will assume greater and greater prominence in the literature of the eighteenth century. With characters like Greedy and Frank Wellborn, Massinger’s play brings the city comedy (here set near Nottingham) to new heights; in Sir Giles Overreach – ‘a cruel extortioner’ – it created one of the great comic
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The Routledge History of Literature
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First published 1997 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of illustrations Fore
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Contents ix The Gothic and the subl
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Contents xi THE TWENTIETH CENTURY:
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Illustrations Figure 1 Linguistic b
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xvi Foreword The Routledge History
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xviii Foreword and burlesque and sa
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From the earliest stages, Malcolm B
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Beowulf, the Dane, dear king of his
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6 Old and Middle English 600-1485 T
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10 Old and Middle English 600-1485
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The Renaissance 1485-1660
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58 The Renaissance 1485-1660 centur
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60 The Renaissance 1485-1660 would
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62 The Renaissance 1485-1660 were n
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64 The Renaissance 1485-1660 ‘To
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66 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I find
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68 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Mid-su
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70 The Renaissance 1485-1660 and a
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Page 150 and 151: Thy wars brought nothing about; Thy
Page 152 and 153: Contexts and conditions 131 Sea; no
Page 154 and 155: Early Milton 133 Revolution was the
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Page 160 and 161: Restoration drama 139 many lives as
Page 162 and 163: Restoration drama 141 Revenge! PIER
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Page 168 and 169: Restoration drama 147 LOVELESS No,
Page 170 and 171: Restoration drama 149 PRIM Do they
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Page 178 and 179: Pope 157 POPE True wit is nature to
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The novel 173 polemic comes when he
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The novel 175 That kingdom he hath
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The novel 177 opportunity to set fo
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The novel 179 sentence of death. He
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Criticism 181 to do with that work.
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Johnson 183 (1712). Swift took the
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Johnson 185 There are some hostile
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Sterne, Smollett and Scottish voice
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Drama after 1737 195 MISS HARDCASTL
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Poetry after Pope 197 Thomas Gray
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Poetry after Pope 199 Nor rural sig
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Poetry after Pope 201 but by no mea
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Melancholy, madness and nature 203
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The Gothic and the sublime 209 Burk
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The Gothic and the sublime 211 conc
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The Gothic and the sublime 213 all
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Bliss was it in that dawn to be ali
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Contexts and conditions 219 and mor
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Contexts and conditions 221 economi
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Contexts and conditions 223 past, p
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Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge 225
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Keats 235 and completing the poetic
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Keats 237 beauty but at the same ti
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Shelley 239 Keats also gives us occ
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Shelley 241 or sail around Venice.
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Byron 243 Each like a corpse within
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Byron 245 What I have done is done;
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Byron 247 Though the night was made
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Romantic prose 249 Bright yellow is
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Romantic prose 251 one of the Immor
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The novel in the Romantic period 25
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Jane Austen 255 the remotest antiqu
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Jane Austen 257 she wrote in her le
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Jane Austen 259 LANGUAGE NOTE Jane
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Scott 261 and scarcely even picture
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Scott 263 She coloured highly, and
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From Gothic to Frankenstein 265 flu
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The Scottish regional novel 267 (18
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The nineteenth century
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272 The nineteenth century of Queen
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274 The nineteenth century Smollett
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276 The nineteenth century Hard Tim
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278 The nineteenth century Podsnap
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280 The nineteenth century income a
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282 The nineteenth century cover su
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284 The nineteenth century in some
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286 The nineteenth century earlier
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288 The nineteenth century the end.
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290 The nineteenth century Charlott
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292 The nineteenth century by Dicke
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294 The nineteenth century the ‘v
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296 The nineteenth century LATE VIC
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298 The nineteenth century fathers
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300 The nineteenth century In his l
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302 The nineteenth century An old w
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304 The nineteenth century is a cla
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306 The nineteenth century there ca
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308 The nineteenth century Renaissa
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310 The nineteenth century of Doria
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312 The nineteenth century Most of
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314 The nineteenth century embellis
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316 The nineteenth century Irish; F
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318 The nineteenth century justifie
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320 The nineteenth century However,
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322 The nineteenth century mode of
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324 The nineteenth century the firs
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326 The nineteenth century Its titl
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328 The nineteenth century also saw
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330 The nineteenth century aware so
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332 The nineteenth century Stitch!
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334 The nineteenth century Her robe
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336 The nineteenth century year as
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338 The nineteenth century twentiet
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340 The nineteenth century But if y
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342 The nineteenth century we can r
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The twentieth century 1900-45
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348 The twentieth century: 1900-45
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The twentieth century 1945 to the p
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448 The twentieth century: 1945 to
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544 Timelines 802 Egbert of Wessex
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546 Timelines 1189 Accession of Kin
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548 Timelines became King Henry VI
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550 Timelines 1513 Niccolo Machiave
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552 Timelines 1578 Opening of The T
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554 Timelines 1685 Death of Charles
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556 Timelines 1811-12 The campaign
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558 Timelines the USA expanded towa
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560 Timelines USA, which demanded t
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562 Timelines conceded. The phrase
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564 Timelines policy, with enormous
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Acknowledgements W.H. AUDEN, Their
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568 Acknowledgements D.H. LAWRENCE,
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Select bibliography The following b
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572 Select bibliography Dollimore,
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574 Select bibliography Miner, Earl
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576 Select bibliography Burrow, J.W
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578 Select bibliography Sinfield, A
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580 Index Ballantyne, R(obert) M(ic
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582 Index Cockburn, Alison (c.1712-
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584 Index Gaskell, (Mrs) Elizabeth
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586 Index Keats, John (1795-1821) 1
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588 Index Morris, William (1834-96)
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590 Index Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c
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592 Index Waugh, Evelyn (1903-66) 3
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