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The twentieth century: 1900–45 559 of his own party opposed him 1887 Queen Victoria celebrated fifty years as monarch (the Golden Jubilee) 1893 Irish issues continued to dominate British politics. Gladstone’s revised Home Rule Bill introduced. Keir Hardie’s Independent Labour Party, originally supporters of Gladstone in the divided Liberal Party, became a full parliamentary force in 1906 (the Labour Party, under Ramsay Macdonald) 1898 Marxist politics introduced in Russia, with the establishment by Lenin and others of the Russian Socialist Democratic Workers’ Party 1899 Establishment in Dublin of the Irish National Theatre 1899–1902 The Boer War: the Boers, from The Netherlands, occupied Transvaal and the Orange Free State in South Africa, and had territorial ambitions in Natal and the Cape Province (British colonies). Britain won the war, and established the Union of South Africa (to 1970) THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: 1900–45 1901 Death of Queen Victoria, after sixty-four years as monarch 1904 France established many political alliances between states on the continent of Europe; this was called the ‘Entente Cordiale’. But the agreements lasted for only ten years, breaking down in 1914 1911 Height of the campaign by suffragettes in Britain; they were women who had not achieved suffrage (the right to vote) in three reform bills. Many people trace the beginning of feminism to the suffragette campaign (women over the age of 30 received the vote in 1918; from 1928, all adult women – aged over 21 – were given the vote) 1912 Defeat of the ruling Liberal Party’s Bill for Irish Home Rule. The Conservative opposition were often called Unionists, a name which still exists today (the Ulster vote was decisive) 1914 Opening of the Panama Canal, built by the United States of America. Originally a French project, then widely supported in Europe, the work was conceded to the
560 Timelines USA, which demanded the creation of the country of Panama, out of former Colombian territory 1914 Beginning of the First World War in Europe. This was started by the assassination of the Bosnian king in Sarajevo, which led to the collapse of the Entente Cordiale. Britain opposed Germany’s territorial ambitions. The bloodiest battles were in Northern France, after Germany’s takeover of the Benelux countries (BElgium, NEtherlands, LUXembourg) 1916 US President Wilson sent American forces to Europe, to help British and French forces to fight German aggression. American intervention was vital to the eventual defeat of Germany. While war continued on the Western European continent, the political climate changed elsewhere in Europe 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland, in protest at continued British presence. Several Irish rebels were executed by the English 1917 The Russian Revolution, led by so-called ‘Bolsheviks’, the majority of Communist sympathisers, led by Lenin. Execution of Tsar Nicholas II and his family. Lenin became head of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (to his death in 1924, when he was replaced by Stalin) 1918 End of the First World War (11 November) 1919 The Peace of Versailles. In the redrawing of boundaries in Europe, the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires were dismantled. New states in Eastern Europe included Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Many monarchies, including that of Germany, were replaced by republics. The League of Nations was created, in an attempt to secure future world peace 1922 Ireland finally achieved self-government, with the establishment of the Irish Free State (‘Eire’). Six of the nine counties in the North (‘Ulster’) chose to remain within the United Kingdom 1929 The collapse of the New York Stock Exchange led to economic depression in the Western democracies. Party politics were abandoned in Britain in 1931, until 1945. Ramsay Macdonald, the Labour leader, led the first National government 1933 Adolf Hitler, the leader of the largest single political party in Germany, the National Socialists (Nazis) took
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The Routledge History of Literature
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First published 1997 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of illustrations Fore
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Contents ix The Gothic and the subl
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Contents xi THE TWENTIETH CENTURY:
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Illustrations Figure 1 Linguistic b
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xvi Foreword The Routledge History
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xviii Foreword and burlesque and sa
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From the earliest stages, Malcolm B
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Beowulf, the Dane, dear king of his
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6 Old and Middle English 600-1485 T
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8 Old and Middle English 600-1485 t
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10 Old and Middle English 600-1485
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22 Figure 2 The greatest extent of
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The Renaissance 1485-1660
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58 The Renaissance 1485-1660 centur
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60 The Renaissance 1485-1660 would
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62 The Renaissance 1485-1660 were n
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64 The Renaissance 1485-1660 ‘To
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66 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I find
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68 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Mid-su
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70 The Renaissance 1485-1660 and a
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72 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I had
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74 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Faustu
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76 The Renaissance 1485-1660 perfor
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78 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Greek
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80 The Renaissance 1485-1660 47); a
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82 The Renaissance 1485-1660 the Re
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84 The Renaissance 1485-1660 years
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86 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Renais
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88 The Renaissance 1485-1660 terms
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90 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Shakes
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92 The Renaissance 1485-1660 1601 2
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94 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The pu
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96 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Shakes
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98 The Renaissance 1485-1660 most o
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100 The Renaissance 1485-1660 And s
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102 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I all
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104 The Renaissance 1485-1660 In mu
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106 The Renaissance 1485-1660 my he
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108 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Thou
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110 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Trahe
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112 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Old T
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114 The Renaissance 1485-1660 misun
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116 The Renaissance 1485-1660 from
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118 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The t
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120 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Middl
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122 The Renaissance 1485-1660 GIOVA
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124 The Renaissance 1485-1660 SIR B
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126 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The s
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Thy wars brought nothing about; Thy
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Contexts and conditions 131 Sea; no
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Early Milton 133 Revolution was the
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Early Milton 135 good and evil as t
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Early Milton 137 the hero from the
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Restoration drama 139 many lives as
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Restoration drama 141 Revenge! PIER
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Restoration drama 143 One of the fi
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Restoration drama 145 prohibiting
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Restoration drama 147 LOVELESS No,
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Restoration drama 149 PRIM Do they
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Rochester 151 The Theatres Licensin
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Dryden 153 what it saw as the highe
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Dryden 155 his best, and his transl
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Pope 157 POPE True wit is nature to
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Journalism 159 And, spite of pride,
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Scottish Enlightenment, diarists an
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The novel 167 and the social awaren
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The novel 169 Each serial volume of
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The novel 171 paraphrase Pope: what
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The novel 173 polemic comes when he
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The novel 175 That kingdom he hath
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The novel 177 opportunity to set fo
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The novel 179 sentence of death. He
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Criticism 181 to do with that work.
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Johnson 183 (1712). Swift took the
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Johnson 185 There are some hostile
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Sterne, Smollett and Scottish voice
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Drama after 1737 195 MISS HARDCASTL
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Poetry after Pope 197 Thomas Gray
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Poetry after Pope 199 Nor rural sig
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Poetry after Pope 201 but by no mea
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Melancholy, madness and nature 203
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The Gothic and the sublime 209 Burk
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The Gothic and the sublime 211 conc
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The Gothic and the sublime 213 all
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Bliss was it in that dawn to be ali
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Contexts and conditions 219 and mor
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Contexts and conditions 221 economi
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Contexts and conditions 223 past, p
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Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge 225
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Keats 235 and completing the poetic
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Keats 237 beauty but at the same ti
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Shelley 239 Keats also gives us occ
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Shelley 241 or sail around Venice.
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Byron 243 Each like a corpse within
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Byron 245 What I have done is done;
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Byron 247 Though the night was made
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Romantic prose 249 Bright yellow is
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Romantic prose 251 one of the Immor
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The novel in the Romantic period 25
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Jane Austen 255 the remotest antiqu
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Jane Austen 257 she wrote in her le
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Jane Austen 259 LANGUAGE NOTE Jane
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Scott 261 and scarcely even picture
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Scott 263 She coloured highly, and
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From Gothic to Frankenstein 265 flu
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The Scottish regional novel 267 (18
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The nineteenth century
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272 The nineteenth century of Queen
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274 The nineteenth century Smollett
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276 The nineteenth century Hard Tim
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278 The nineteenth century Podsnap
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280 The nineteenth century income a
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282 The nineteenth century cover su
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284 The nineteenth century in some
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286 The nineteenth century earlier
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288 The nineteenth century the end.
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290 The nineteenth century Charlott
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292 The nineteenth century by Dicke
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294 The nineteenth century the ‘v
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296 The nineteenth century LATE VIC
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298 The nineteenth century fathers
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300 The nineteenth century In his l
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302 The nineteenth century An old w
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304 The nineteenth century is a cla
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306 The nineteenth century there ca
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308 The nineteenth century Renaissa
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310 The nineteenth century of Doria
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312 The nineteenth century Most of
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314 The nineteenth century embellis
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316 The nineteenth century Irish; F
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318 The nineteenth century justifie
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320 The nineteenth century However,
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322 The nineteenth century mode of
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324 The nineteenth century the firs
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326 The nineteenth century Its titl
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328 The nineteenth century also saw
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330 The nineteenth century aware so
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332 The nineteenth century Stitch!
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334 The nineteenth century Her robe
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336 The nineteenth century year as
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338 The nineteenth century twentiet
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340 The nineteenth century But if y
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342 The nineteenth century we can r
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The twentieth century 1900-45
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348 The twentieth century: 1900-45
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The twentieth century 1945 to the p
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448 The twentieth century: 1945 to
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Page 529 and 530: 508 The twentieth century: 1945 to
Page 565 and 566: 544 Timelines 802 Egbert of Wessex
Page 567 and 568: 546 Timelines 1189 Accession of Kin
Page 569 and 570: 548 Timelines became King Henry VI
Page 571 and 572: 550 Timelines 1513 Niccolo Machiave
Page 573 and 574: 552 Timelines 1578 Opening of The T
Page 575 and 576: 554 Timelines 1685 Death of Charles
Page 577 and 578: 556 Timelines 1811-12 The campaign
Page 579: 558 Timelines the USA expanded towa
Page 583 and 584: 562 Timelines conceded. The phrase
Page 585 and 586: 564 Timelines policy, with enormous
Page 587 and 588: Acknowledgements W.H. AUDEN, Their
Page 589 and 590: 568 Acknowledgements D.H. LAWRENCE,
Page 591 and 592: Select bibliography The following b
Page 593 and 594: 572 Select bibliography Dollimore,
Page 595 and 596: 574 Select bibliography Miner, Earl
Page 597 and 598: 576 Select bibliography Burrow, J.W
Page 599 and 600: 578 Select bibliography Sinfield, A
Page 601 and 602: 580 Index Ballantyne, R(obert) M(ic
Page 603 and 604: 582 Index Cockburn, Alison (c.1712-
Page 605 and 606: 584 Index Gaskell, (Mrs) Elizabeth
Page 607 and 608: 586 Index Keats, John (1795-1821) 1
Page 609 and 610: 588 Index Morris, William (1834-96)
Page 611 and 612: 590 Index Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c
Page 613: 592 Index Waugh, Evelyn (1903-66) 3
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