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Timelines<br />

Jeremy Hunter<br />

OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH<br />

c.410 Roman legions withdrew from Britain (in Latin:<br />

Britannia)<br />

449 Jutes (from Denmark) occupied Kent (south-east<br />

England) under Hengest<br />

477 First invasion of England by Saxons (from northern<br />

Germany) under Aelle: south Saxon colony of Sussex<br />

established<br />

495 Second Saxon invasion, under Cerdic; west Saxon<br />

colony of Wessex established<br />

537 Death of King Arthur, leader of the early sixth-century<br />

revolt by the native Britons against continental<br />

colonisers: retreat of many Britons in this period to<br />

Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany. The<br />

geographical term ‘Great Britain’ originates in the sixth<br />

century, as later rulers from France were obliged to<br />

distinguish between Brittany (‘Bretagne’) and the island<br />

of ‘Britannia’, which they called ‘Grande Bretagne’<br />

547 Norwegians (Vikings), under Ida, established the colony<br />

of Northumbria, in northern England<br />

565 Introduction of Christianity to Britain by Saint Columba<br />

597 Saint Augustine established the first Catholic mission<br />

in England, at Canterbury<br />

664 Synod of Whitby confirmed Catholicism as the state religion<br />

Eighth century Rise in political influence of Mercia, in the mid-west of<br />

England (particularly under King Offa, reigned 757–<br />

795). Colonisers established a ‘heptarchy’ of seven<br />

kingdoms – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex,<br />

Kent, Sussex, Wessex – to encourage harmony and cooperation.<br />

‘Offa’s Dyke’ built to restrict native Britons<br />

to land within Wales

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