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Novels of the First World War 431 O’Rourke told him about, them with the rheumatic wheels, for the day cheap. (The Sisters) The other distinctive expressive feature in Irish English writing is a constant verbal ‘play’ with the resources of the language as a whole, in which the whole fabric of idiom, allusion, derivations, etymologies, parody, pastiche and figurative expression is exploited to create a world in which there is no single vantage point. It is a linguistic artifice appropriate to Modernism which also reinforces mutiple ways of seeing, but it in part underlies the strong connection between much modern Irish writing and the formal inventiveness of modernism. Its apotheosis is Joyce’s Finnegans Wake which is simultaneously no language and every language, a heteroglot of words and structures, a kind of world English but one which Joyce himself called ‘the last word in stolen-telling’, recognising that this inventively fabricated English has its roots in the everyday English of the Ireland of his birth. Sobs they sighdid at Fillagain’s chrissormiss wake, all the hoolivans of the nation, prostrated in their consternation and their duodisimally profusive plethora of ululation. There was plumbs and grumes and cheriffs and citherers and raiders and cinemen too. And the all gianed in with the shout-most shoviality. NOVELS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR Wyndham Lewis – like Henry James, Ezra Pound, and T.S. Eliot – was born in the United States of America. With Pound he edited Blast (1914–15), which expressed the views of the Vorticists. This was primarily an artistic movement, influenced by Futurism and Cubism, determined to replace Victorian sentimentality with abstract art and writing. Perhaps the First World War achieved the Vorticists’ aim for them: the old ways changed rapidly, and the movement petered out after 1915. But Lewis went on to write several novels and a great many critical essays, which have been neglected despite their explorations of the hollowness of modern values and beliefs. Tarr (1918) and The Apes of God (1930) are energetic depictions of artistic life in Paris and London, attacking several of the literary figures of the
432 The twentieth century: 1900–45 time. His essay Time and Western Man (1927) is a challenging view of the intellectual collapse of the modern world; like his novels, it was not designed to win the author many friends, but it is an important counterbalance to the intellectual currents of the time. Several novels were written about the First World War. Unlike the great poetry, which was written in the trenches during the fighting, the novels were mostly composed long after the events they describe. The title of Robert Graves’s autobiography, Goodbye to All That, published in 1928, indicates the extent to which the author felt that the war marked the end of an era. Graves later became one of the more important lyric poets of the century, and he also wrote the historical tales of Ancient Rome, I, Claudius and Claudius the God (both 1934), which confirmed his status as a popular historical novelist. Her Privates We (1929) by Frederic Manning is a good example of how the colloquial language of the common soldier can be used to write a documentary novel exploring the futility of war that Owen described in his poetry. ‘Them poor, bloody Jocks,’ he said in a slow, pitiful whisper. What the casualties were they did not know, though various rumours gave precise, and different, details; one shell did all the damage, the others exploding in an empty field. The sympathy they felt with the Scotsmen was very real; the same thing might so easily have happened to themselves; and as they talked about it, the feeling turned gradually into resentment against an authority, which regulated, so strictly, every detail of their daily lives. The shell falling where it did, at that particular time, would probably have caused a certain number of casualties; even if the men had been moving about freely; but this kind of discipline, excusable enough when men have to be kept under control, as with a carrying party lined up at a dump, was unnecessary on this moment; and, for that reason alone, it was wiser to avoid assembling a large number of men at any one point. They remembered their own experience at Philosophe. C.E. Montague’s Disenchantment, published in that seminal literary year 1922, gives in its title a key to the attitudes which characterised the whole generation of writers who experienced the war at first hand.
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The Routledge History of Literature
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First published 1997 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of illustrations Fore
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Contents ix The Gothic and the subl
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Contents xi THE TWENTIETH CENTURY:
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Illustrations Figure 1 Linguistic b
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xvi Foreword The Routledge History
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xviii Foreword and burlesque and sa
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From the earliest stages, Malcolm B
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Beowulf, the Dane, dear king of his
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6 Old and Middle English 600-1485 T
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8 Old and Middle English 600-1485 t
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10 Old and Middle English 600-1485
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22 Figure 2 The greatest extent of
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The Renaissance 1485-1660
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58 The Renaissance 1485-1660 centur
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60 The Renaissance 1485-1660 would
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62 The Renaissance 1485-1660 were n
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64 The Renaissance 1485-1660 ‘To
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66 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I find
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68 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Mid-su
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70 The Renaissance 1485-1660 and a
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72 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I had
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74 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Faustu
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76 The Renaissance 1485-1660 perfor
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78 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Greek
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80 The Renaissance 1485-1660 47); a
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82 The Renaissance 1485-1660 the Re
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84 The Renaissance 1485-1660 years
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86 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Renais
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88 The Renaissance 1485-1660 terms
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90 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Shakes
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92 The Renaissance 1485-1660 1601 2
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94 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The pu
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96 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Shakes
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98 The Renaissance 1485-1660 most o
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100 The Renaissance 1485-1660 And s
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102 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I all
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104 The Renaissance 1485-1660 In mu
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106 The Renaissance 1485-1660 my he
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108 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Thou
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110 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Trahe
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112 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Old T
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114 The Renaissance 1485-1660 misun
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116 The Renaissance 1485-1660 from
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118 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The t
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120 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Middl
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122 The Renaissance 1485-1660 GIOVA
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124 The Renaissance 1485-1660 SIR B
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126 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The s
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Thy wars brought nothing about; Thy
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Contexts and conditions 131 Sea; no
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Early Milton 133 Revolution was the
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Early Milton 135 good and evil as t
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Early Milton 137 the hero from the
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Restoration drama 139 many lives as
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Restoration drama 141 Revenge! PIER
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Restoration drama 143 One of the fi
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Restoration drama 145 prohibiting
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Restoration drama 147 LOVELESS No,
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Restoration drama 149 PRIM Do they
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Rochester 151 The Theatres Licensin
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Dryden 153 what it saw as the highe
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Dryden 155 his best, and his transl
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Pope 157 POPE True wit is nature to
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Journalism 159 And, spite of pride,
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Scottish Enlightenment, diarists an
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The novel 167 and the social awaren
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The novel 169 Each serial volume of
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The novel 171 paraphrase Pope: what
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The novel 173 polemic comes when he
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The novel 175 That kingdom he hath
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The novel 177 opportunity to set fo
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The novel 179 sentence of death. He
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Criticism 181 to do with that work.
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Johnson 183 (1712). Swift took the
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Johnson 185 There are some hostile
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Sterne, Smollett and Scottish voice
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Drama after 1737 195 MISS HARDCASTL
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Poetry after Pope 197 Thomas Gray
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Poetry after Pope 199 Nor rural sig
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Poetry after Pope 201 but by no mea
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Melancholy, madness and nature 203
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The Gothic and the sublime 209 Burk
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The Gothic and the sublime 211 conc
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The Gothic and the sublime 213 all
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Bliss was it in that dawn to be ali
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Contexts and conditions 219 and mor
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Contexts and conditions 221 economi
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Contexts and conditions 223 past, p
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Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge 225
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Keats 235 and completing the poetic
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Keats 237 beauty but at the same ti
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Shelley 239 Keats also gives us occ
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Shelley 241 or sail around Venice.
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Byron 243 Each like a corpse within
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Byron 245 What I have done is done;
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Byron 247 Though the night was made
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Romantic prose 249 Bright yellow is
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Romantic prose 251 one of the Immor
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The novel in the Romantic period 25
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Jane Austen 255 the remotest antiqu
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Jane Austen 257 she wrote in her le
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Jane Austen 259 LANGUAGE NOTE Jane
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Scott 261 and scarcely even picture
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Scott 263 She coloured highly, and
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From Gothic to Frankenstein 265 flu
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The Scottish regional novel 267 (18
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The nineteenth century
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272 The nineteenth century of Queen
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274 The nineteenth century Smollett
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276 The nineteenth century Hard Tim
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278 The nineteenth century Podsnap
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280 The nineteenth century income a
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282 The nineteenth century cover su
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284 The nineteenth century in some
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286 The nineteenth century earlier
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288 The nineteenth century the end.
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290 The nineteenth century Charlott
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292 The nineteenth century by Dicke
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294 The nineteenth century the ‘v
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296 The nineteenth century LATE VIC
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298 The nineteenth century fathers
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300 The nineteenth century In his l
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302 The nineteenth century An old w
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304 The nineteenth century is a cla
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306 The nineteenth century there ca
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308 The nineteenth century Renaissa
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310 The nineteenth century of Doria
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312 The nineteenth century Most of
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314 The nineteenth century embellis
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316 The nineteenth century Irish; F
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318 The nineteenth century justifie
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320 The nineteenth century However,
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322 The nineteenth century mode of
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324 The nineteenth century the firs
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326 The nineteenth century Its titl
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328 The nineteenth century also saw
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330 The nineteenth century aware so
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332 The nineteenth century Stitch!
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334 The nineteenth century Her robe
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336 The nineteenth century year as
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338 The nineteenth century twentiet
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340 The nineteenth century But if y
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342 The nineteenth century we can r
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The twentieth century 1900-45
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348 The twentieth century: 1900-45
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Page 401 and 402: 380 The twentieth century: 1900-45
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482 The twentieth century: 1945 to
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544 Timelines 802 Egbert of Wessex
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546 Timelines 1189 Accession of Kin
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548 Timelines became King Henry VI
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550 Timelines 1513 Niccolo Machiave
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552 Timelines 1578 Opening of The T
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554 Timelines 1685 Death of Charles
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556 Timelines 1811-12 The campaign
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558 Timelines the USA expanded towa
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560 Timelines USA, which demanded t
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562 Timelines conceded. The phrase
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564 Timelines policy, with enormous
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Acknowledgements W.H. AUDEN, Their
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568 Acknowledgements D.H. LAWRENCE,
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Select bibliography The following b
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572 Select bibliography Dollimore,
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574 Select bibliography Miner, Earl
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576 Select bibliography Burrow, J.W
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578 Select bibliography Sinfield, A
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580 Index Ballantyne, R(obert) M(ic
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582 Index Cockburn, Alison (c.1712-
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584 Index Gaskell, (Mrs) Elizabeth
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586 Index Keats, John (1795-1821) 1
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588 Index Morris, William (1834-96)
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590 Index Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c
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592 Index Waugh, Evelyn (1903-66) 3
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