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The Romantic period 555 considered to be a ‘Father of the British Empire’. France conceded a vast amount of territory to Britain with the Peace of Paris (1763) 1768 Captain James Cook’s first journey to the South Pacific, in the name of colonial expansion as well as scientific discovery (Cook was killed in Hawaii in 1779) c.1770 The so-called ‘Age of Reason’ – a term often applied to the whole of the eighteenth century – reached its height. The German word Aufklärung, applied to the works of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, was translated into English as ‘Enlightenment’. Optimism in Europe was high, as intellectual superiority seemed to be assured. One English off-shoot of the Enlightment was the establishment, by John Wesley, of the Methodist church. This Protestant sect rejected any personal extravagance (like the Puritans) but, unlike its predecessor, was born in a spirit of tolerance towards other Protestant sects 1775 The invention of the steam-engine, by the Scotsman James Watt, led to a rapid rise in industralisation and urban growth (the Industrial Revolution) 1776 The American Declaration of Independence (4 July). Britain was at war with America from 1775 to 1783, when independence was recognised THE ROMANTIC PERIOD 1789 The French Revolution: the monarchy of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette was overthrown 1793–94 ‘The Reign of Terror’ in France, led by left-wing radicals known as Jacobins (Robespierre, Danton, Marat) who ruthlessly suppressed their political opponents 1793 Britain joined the ‘Wars of the Coalition’ against France, which was aiming for supremacy throughout Europe. Major British victories were achieved at sea, at Trafalgar (under Lord Nelson, 1805), and on land, at Waterloo (under the Duke of Wellington, 1815) 1801 The Act of Union: Ireland was politically joined to Britain 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte, an army general, became Emperor of France
556 Timelines 1811–12 The campaign of the Luddites, who broke factory machinery in a protest about workers’ conditions 1812–14 Second War of American Independence: Britain was unable to regain this part of the former Empire 1814 Invention of the railway locomotive by George Stephenson 1815 Congress of Vienna, at the end of the wars against France (the Napoleonic wars). Britain emerged as the most powerful nation in Europe, and consolidated this position throughout the nineteenth century 1819 The Peterloo Massacre: a workers’ uprising in Manchester was brutally suppressed, with many casualties 1824 Trades unions were recognised by the British government 1829 The Catholic Emancipation Act made discrimination against Catholics illegal in Britain 1830 A new liberal (Whig) government was elected in Britain – emulating the upheavals of the so-called ‘July revolution’ in France, which led to the abdication of King Charles X THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 1832 The First Reform Bill: voting rights were extended for the first time to men who were not landowners, and most of the privileged seats in Parliament (the rotten boroughs) were abolished 1833 Slavery abolished in British colonies 1833 First Factory Act improved workers’ conditions and made factory inspections compulsory 1833 Poor Laws provided accommodation in workhouses for the destitute, but with forced labour 1834 A group of labourers from Dorset (later called ‘the Tolpuddle Martyrs’) were sentenced to exile for protesting against worker exploitation (remission was granted in 1836) 1837 Victoria became Queen 1839 Industrial uprising of the Chartists, who rebelled against Parliament’s rejection of the popular People’s Charter
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The Routledge History of Literature
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First published 1997 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of illustrations Fore
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Contents ix The Gothic and the subl
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Contents xi THE TWENTIETH CENTURY:
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Illustrations Figure 1 Linguistic b
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xvi Foreword The Routledge History
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xviii Foreword and burlesque and sa
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From the earliest stages, Malcolm B
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Beowulf, the Dane, dear king of his
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6 Old and Middle English 600-1485 T
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8 Old and Middle English 600-1485 t
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10 Old and Middle English 600-1485
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22 Figure 2 The greatest extent of
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The Renaissance 1485-1660
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58 The Renaissance 1485-1660 centur
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60 The Renaissance 1485-1660 would
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62 The Renaissance 1485-1660 were n
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64 The Renaissance 1485-1660 ‘To
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66 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I find
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68 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Mid-su
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70 The Renaissance 1485-1660 and a
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72 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I had
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74 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Faustu
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76 The Renaissance 1485-1660 perfor
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78 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Greek
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80 The Renaissance 1485-1660 47); a
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82 The Renaissance 1485-1660 the Re
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84 The Renaissance 1485-1660 years
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86 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Renais
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88 The Renaissance 1485-1660 terms
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90 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Shakes
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92 The Renaissance 1485-1660 1601 2
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94 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The pu
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96 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Shakes
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98 The Renaissance 1485-1660 most o
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100 The Renaissance 1485-1660 And s
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102 The Renaissance 1485-1660 I all
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104 The Renaissance 1485-1660 In mu
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106 The Renaissance 1485-1660 my he
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108 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Thou
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110 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Trahe
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112 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Old T
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114 The Renaissance 1485-1660 misun
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116 The Renaissance 1485-1660 from
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118 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The t
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120 The Renaissance 1485-1660 Middl
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122 The Renaissance 1485-1660 GIOVA
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124 The Renaissance 1485-1660 SIR B
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126 The Renaissance 1485-1660 The s
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Thy wars brought nothing about; Thy
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Contexts and conditions 131 Sea; no
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Early Milton 133 Revolution was the
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Early Milton 135 good and evil as t
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Early Milton 137 the hero from the
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Restoration drama 139 many lives as
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Restoration drama 141 Revenge! PIER
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Restoration drama 143 One of the fi
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Restoration drama 145 prohibiting
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Restoration drama 147 LOVELESS No,
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Restoration drama 149 PRIM Do they
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Rochester 151 The Theatres Licensin
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Dryden 153 what it saw as the highe
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Dryden 155 his best, and his transl
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Pope 157 POPE True wit is nature to
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Journalism 159 And, spite of pride,
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Scottish Enlightenment, diarists an
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The novel 167 and the social awaren
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The novel 169 Each serial volume of
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The novel 171 paraphrase Pope: what
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The novel 173 polemic comes when he
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The novel 175 That kingdom he hath
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The novel 177 opportunity to set fo
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The novel 179 sentence of death. He
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Criticism 181 to do with that work.
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Johnson 183 (1712). Swift took the
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Johnson 185 There are some hostile
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Sterne, Smollett and Scottish voice
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Drama after 1737 195 MISS HARDCASTL
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Poetry after Pope 197 Thomas Gray
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Poetry after Pope 199 Nor rural sig
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Poetry after Pope 201 but by no mea
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Melancholy, madness and nature 203
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The Gothic and the sublime 209 Burk
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The Gothic and the sublime 211 conc
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The Gothic and the sublime 213 all
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Bliss was it in that dawn to be ali
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Contexts and conditions 219 and mor
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Contexts and conditions 221 economi
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Contexts and conditions 223 past, p
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Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge 225
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Keats 235 and completing the poetic
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Keats 237 beauty but at the same ti
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Shelley 239 Keats also gives us occ
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Shelley 241 or sail around Venice.
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Byron 243 Each like a corpse within
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Byron 245 What I have done is done;
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Byron 247 Though the night was made
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Romantic prose 249 Bright yellow is
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Romantic prose 251 one of the Immor
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The novel in the Romantic period 25
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Jane Austen 255 the remotest antiqu
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Jane Austen 257 she wrote in her le
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Jane Austen 259 LANGUAGE NOTE Jane
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Scott 261 and scarcely even picture
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Scott 263 She coloured highly, and
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From Gothic to Frankenstein 265 flu
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The Scottish regional novel 267 (18
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The nineteenth century
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272 The nineteenth century of Queen
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274 The nineteenth century Smollett
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276 The nineteenth century Hard Tim
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278 The nineteenth century Podsnap
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280 The nineteenth century income a
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282 The nineteenth century cover su
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284 The nineteenth century in some
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286 The nineteenth century earlier
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288 The nineteenth century the end.
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290 The nineteenth century Charlott
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292 The nineteenth century by Dicke
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294 The nineteenth century the ‘v
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296 The nineteenth century LATE VIC
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298 The nineteenth century fathers
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300 The nineteenth century In his l
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302 The nineteenth century An old w
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304 The nineteenth century is a cla
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306 The nineteenth century there ca
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308 The nineteenth century Renaissa
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310 The nineteenth century of Doria
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312 The nineteenth century Most of
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314 The nineteenth century embellis
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316 The nineteenth century Irish; F
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318 The nineteenth century justifie
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320 The nineteenth century However,
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322 The nineteenth century mode of
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324 The nineteenth century the firs
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326 The nineteenth century Its titl
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328 The nineteenth century also saw
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330 The nineteenth century aware so
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332 The nineteenth century Stitch!
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334 The nineteenth century Her robe
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336 The nineteenth century year as
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338 The nineteenth century twentiet
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340 The nineteenth century But if y
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342 The nineteenth century we can r
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The twentieth century 1900-45
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348 The twentieth century: 1900-45
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The twentieth century 1945 to the p
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448 The twentieth century: 1945 to
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Page 525 and 526: 504 The twentieth century: 1945 to
Page 565 and 566: 544 Timelines 802 Egbert of Wessex
Page 567 and 568: 546 Timelines 1189 Accession of Kin
Page 569 and 570: 548 Timelines became King Henry VI
Page 571 and 572: 550 Timelines 1513 Niccolo Machiave
Page 573 and 574: 552 Timelines 1578 Opening of The T
Page 575: 554 Timelines 1685 Death of Charles
Page 579 and 580: 558 Timelines the USA expanded towa
Page 581 and 582: 560 Timelines USA, which demanded t
Page 583 and 584: 562 Timelines conceded. The phrase
Page 585 and 586: 564 Timelines policy, with enormous
Page 587 and 588: Acknowledgements W.H. AUDEN, Their
Page 589 and 590: 568 Acknowledgements D.H. LAWRENCE,
Page 591 and 592: Select bibliography The following b
Page 593 and 594: 572 Select bibliography Dollimore,
Page 595 and 596: 574 Select bibliography Miner, Earl
Page 597 and 598: 576 Select bibliography Burrow, J.W
Page 599 and 600: 578 Select bibliography Sinfield, A
Page 601 and 602: 580 Index Ballantyne, R(obert) M(ic
Page 603 and 604: 582 Index Cockburn, Alison (c.1712-
Page 605 and 606: 584 Index Gaskell, (Mrs) Elizabeth
Page 607 and 608: 586 Index Keats, John (1795-1821) 1
Page 609 and 610: 588 Index Morris, William (1834-96)
Page 611 and 612: 590 Index Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c
Page 613: 592 Index Waugh, Evelyn (1903-66) 3
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