60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Establishment of Maroon Communities 123 Figure 9. Artist’s reconstruction of Fort Mose. Courtesy Florida Museum of Natural History. few found their way to Havana. Some of them may have relocated to Florida following the Spanish recovery of sovereignty over the area. Throughout this period the early Maroons became increasingly racially mixed, mainly through marriage with Indian women, and adopted aspects of indigenous culture, especially in their diet. They were also deeply influenced by Spanish colonial culture, notably in religion (Landers 1998, 366–77).
124 Flight to Freedom The next major episodes in Spanish Florida’s border relations had to do with the now independent British North American colonies (the United States). African fugitives made their way once again in large numbers into the Spanish zone. Contemporary records suggest that some Indians, especially the Choctaw and Chickasaw, kept them in conditions of slavery similar to those on the American plantations, but other Indian groups treated them as free persons or held them under a light form of servitude. For instance, the Seminoles – meaning “runaways”, according to Porter (1932, 323) – who were latecomers to the area and themselves victims of war and oppression that led to their forced migration, are said to have held Blacks in a form of bondage that was hard to distinguish from freedom. 11 This encouraged Blacks to abscond to Florida and take their chances with the Seminoles, even if that meant reduction to the form of enslavement practised by their new hosts. Whatever the early situation, the Blacks belonging to the Seminoles increasingly developed symbiotic relations with them, marrying Indian women and assuming positions of authority within the various communities. In time, many Blacks became powerful figures in Seminole society. Blassingame (1979, 211) reckons that by 1836 there were some twelve hundred Maroons in the various Seminole towns, and states that by the midnineteenth century the Indians and Africans had become so intermixed that they were often indistinguishable from each other. Mulroy (1993, 2, 4, 17–19 passim) rejects this view, arguing that the Seminole Maroons, as he chooses to call them, usually occupied different land spaces and retained fairly distinct cultural forms from their Indian brethren. He (1993, 5) brilliantly sums up their impact on contemporary society: The maroons’ history of origins, plantation slavery, Spanish and Native American associations, Florida wars, and forced removal to the Indian Territory culminated in a Mexican borderlands mosaic embracing slave hunters, corrupt Indian agents, filibusters, revolutionaries, foreign invaders, Apache and Comanche raiders, border outlaws, and Buffalo Soldiers. What emerges is an epic saga of slavery, flight, exile and ultimately, freedom. Theirs is a success story. In 1814, during the war between Britain and the United States, the British built a fort (later called Negro Fort) at Prospect Bluff on the Apalachicola River in Florida and garrisoned it largely with Black runaways. After the signing of the Treaty of Ghent between the two combatants, the British departed in 1815, leaving the fort and a considerable amount of arms and
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Page 88 and 89: Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
Page 90 and 91: Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
Page 92 and 93: Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
Page 94 and 95: Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
Page 96 and 97: Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
Page 98 and 99: Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
Page 100 and 101: Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
Page 102 and 103: Part 2 Origins and Development of M
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
Page 106 and 107: The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
Page 108 and 109: The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
Page 110 and 111: The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
Page 112 and 113: The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
Page 114 and 115: The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
Page 116 and 117: The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
Page 118 and 119: The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
Page 120 and 121: The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
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Page 124 and 125: Establishment of Maroon Communities
Page 130 and 131: Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
Page 134 and 135: Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
Page 158 and 159: Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
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Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
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Figure 17. Palmares and vicinity. F
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
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Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
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Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
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Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
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Maroon Government 215 why this was
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Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
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Maroon Government 219 eral states,
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Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
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Maroon Government 223 of a particul
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Maroon Government 225 395) advances
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Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
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Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
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Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Maroon Government 237 often contain
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Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
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Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
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Conclusion 329 overlooks the lethal
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Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
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Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
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Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
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Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
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Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
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Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Notes to pages 236-243 343 many of
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Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
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Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
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Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
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Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
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Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
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Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
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Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
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Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
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Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
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Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
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Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
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Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
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Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
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Index abduction of enslaved persons
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Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
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Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
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Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
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Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
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Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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