60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Military Expeditions and Judicial Terror 165 125). Following the servile uprising in Barbados in 1692, the colonial government paid ten guineas to Alice Mills for castrating forty-two insurgents ( Jordan 1968, 156). In 1697 the South Carolina Assembly decreed castration for three persons who had sought to abscond to the neighbouring Spanish settlement; in 1722 the law of that state specified that fourth-time runaways should be castrated ( Jordan 1968, 154–55). 22 Castration as a form of punishment overrode the early Spanish code, Las siete partidas, which was promulgated in the thirteenth century and was supposed to be the basis for the Spanish colonial laws on slavery. The code prohibited castration and the imperial government’s edict of 1540 (Franco 1973, 8; Naveda Chávez-Hita 1987, 123; Bryant 2004, 15). Castration was a particularly harsh punishment (though execution was harsher) because it struck at the Maroon’s manhood and self-esteem. It was clearly intended to add humiliation to his suffering and to signal to him that the authoritarian state possessed the power to make him, at least physically, less than a man. This punishment, like the others mentioned above, was not imposed on the Maroon for the crime of rape but for simply running away to gain freedom. For Jordan (1968, 156), the punishment reflected “a desperate, generalized need in white men to persuade themselves that they were really masters and in all ways masterful, and it illustrated dramatically the ease with which white men slipped over into treating their Negroes like their bulls and stallions whose ‘spirit’ could be subdued by emasculation”. Jordan (ibid., 158–59) adds another dimension to this issue by noting that Black men were generally believed to have significantly larger penises than White men. Castration, therefore, was intended to have the triple effect of mutilating the Black in a most awful manner, cutting him down to size and cutting him off from his manhood. But even this awful punishment – neither the threat nor the implementation – did not stop enslaved Black men from absconding. In 1831 a Louisiana jailer issued an advertisement that he had in custody a runaway who had been “gelded” lately and had not quite healed (Stampp 1968, 61). It just goes to show that enslaved persons did not need genitals to flee. More seriously, it demonstrates the overriding virtue of freedom in the minds of this man and other runaways. Solitary confinement was another method of torture, but the objective here was to break the runaway’s mind and spirit, though physical disability might be a corollary. Human beings are by nature gregarious, and solitary living might thus be viewed as a kind of necrosis. We know that one of the cru-
166 Flight to Freedom Figure 16. Back of Black, brutalized. From Harper’s Weekly, 4 July 1863. elest punishments meted out to prisoners is to place them in solitary confinement for long periods. In South Carolina this form of torture was referred to as confinement in “the black-hole of the workhouse” (Lofton 1948, 413). The French dubbed such places “frightening dungeons” (cachots effrayants), which Debien (1979, 119) explains were maximum-security cells, probably without light. James Walker, a manager in Berbice, described those that he had built
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
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Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
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Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
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Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
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Part 2 Origins and Development of M
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Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
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The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
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The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
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The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
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The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
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The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
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The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
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The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
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The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
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Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Page 130 and 131: Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
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Page 172 and 173: Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
Page 186 and 187: Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
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Maroon Government 215 why this was
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Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
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Maroon Government 219 eral states,
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Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
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Maroon Government 223 of a particul
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Maroon Government 225 395) advances
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Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
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Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
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Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Maroon Government 237 often contain
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Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
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Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
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Conclusion 329 overlooks the lethal
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Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
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Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
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Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
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Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
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Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
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Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Notes to pages 236-243 343 many of
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Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
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Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
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Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
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Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
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Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
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Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
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Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
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Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
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Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
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Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
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Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
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Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
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Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
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Index abduction of enslaved persons
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Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
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Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
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Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
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Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
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Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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