60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Establishment of Maroon Communities 133 (Carneiro 1946, 54). This affirmation of despair was echoed around the same time by another writer, who waxed emotional at the thought that many inhabitants stood in jeopardy of losing their lives, honour and property to the Maroons who repeatedly seized their goods, carried away the women and virgin daughters and killed the parents and husbands (Carneiro 1946, 55). But let us consider this bit of whining by enslavers whose tyranny had resulted in a servile revolt in Bahia in 1814: They burned more than a hundred houses, even killing innocent children, and the evil now continues in other places. In Iguape, Cachoeira, and Itaparica, the blacks of Gonçalo, Marinho Falcão, Rodrigo Brandão, and Francisco Vincente Viana have run away and revolted, and all these owners of sugar plantations have fled to this city, where they now are. Every day blacks run away from this city. (Conrad 1983, 404) While the larger Maroon groups had the potential to inflict much more damage than the smaller ones, the latter also did substantial damage, especially in the urban and suburban areas. The extant records attest to numerous raids on towns and plantations by relatively small groups, though they are sometimes identified as belonging to large settlements. Conrad (1983, 361), for instance, informs us that in the 1820s some of Brazil’s major cities were virtually encompassed by clusters of Maroon settlements whose inhabitants preyed on unwary travellers. In Peru, the colonial authorities around the midsixteenth century reported that small groups of fifteen to twenty Maroons went about robbing travellers and Indians, and were impudent enough to enter the city day or night; they also attacked farms and other properties. In 1549 a group of about twenty-three Maroons was reported to be committing robberies and murders against Indians and other people (Bowser 1974, 188). James Lockhart (1968, 189–90) mentions a group of about fifteen Maroons in the Piura region of Peru in the 1540s who attacked Indian villagers and travellers, killing the men and abducting the women. For a while they brought commerce between the highlands and the coastal Indians to a complete stop. Indeed, the Maroons created so much bother for the Peruvian authorities that putting them down, or “under”, occupied a considerable amount of time and expenditure by successive governors and colonial councils (Bowser 1974, 187–221). In Mexico in 1560 a small Maroon band of some fifteen to twenty people carried out a series of deadly raids on Spaniards in Guanajuato, Pénjamo and
Figure 10. Guyana Maroon settlements in the early nineteenth century. From Colonialism and Underdevelopment in Guyana 1580–1803, by Alvin O. Thompson (Bridgetown, Barbados: Carib Research and Publications, 1987).
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
Page 96 and 97: Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
Page 98 and 99: Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
Page 100 and 101: Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
Page 102 and 103: Part 2 Origins and Development of M
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
Page 106 and 107: The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
Page 108 and 109: The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
Page 110 and 111: The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
Page 112 and 113: The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
Page 114 and 115: The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
Page 116 and 117: The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
Page 118 and 119: The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
Page 120 and 121: The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
Page 124 and 125: Establishment of Maroon Communities
Page 130 and 131: Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
Page 134 and 135: Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
Page 158 and 159: Military Expeditions and Judicial T
Page 170 and 171: Figure 13. Domingos Jorge Velho and
Page 172 and 173: Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
Page 186 and 187: Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 17. Palmares and vicinity. F
Page 192 and 193: Physical Organization of Maroon Com
Page 194 and 195: Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
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Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
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Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
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Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
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Maroon Government 215 why this was
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Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
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Maroon Government 219 eral states,
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Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
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Maroon Government 223 of a particul
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Maroon Government 225 395) advances
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Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
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Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
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Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Maroon Government 237 often contain
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Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
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Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
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Conclusion 329 overlooks the lethal
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Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
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Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
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Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
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Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
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Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
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Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Notes to pages 236-243 343 many of
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Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
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Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
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Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
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Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
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Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
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Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
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Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
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Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
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Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
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Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
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Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
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Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
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Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
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Index abduction of enslaved persons
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Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
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Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
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Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
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Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
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Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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