60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attired for war. From Narrative of a Five Years’ Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, by John Gabriel Stedman (London, 1796).
208 Flight to Freedom communities obtained firearms, gunpowder and bullets by purchasing them through the extensive underground trade network (Bastide 1978, 87; Conrad 1983, 380), and also by seizing them when they raided the plantations. The best-armed group of Maroons about whom we know were the Seminole Maroons, in the second decade of the nineteenth century. They had once been allies of the British who, on their departure, left them in possession of the fort at Prospect Bluff, with all the arms stocked in it, including four pieces of heavy artillery, six lighter ones, thousands of small arms and large amounts of ammunition. Apparently, these Maroons and their Seminole Indian allies were also customarily supplied with gunpowder, lead and other military equipment by Alexander Arbuthnot, a Scottish trader operating from the Bahamas (Porter 1951, 260, 266; see chapter 4). Belizean Maroons must also have been well supplied with firearms, since enslaved persons there were generally allowed to carry such weapons. They developed great facility in their use, much to the chagrin of those enslavers who felt that the situation had got out of control (Bolland 2003, 73–74). The Matudere Maroons bought firearms in Cartagena through a Zambo intermediary, and gunpowder from a White person (Borrego Plá 1973, 84–86). The extant literature concerning the Leeward Maroons in the late seventeenth century speaks about them having good arms and a lot of ammunition (Patterson 1979, 258). A group of about two hundred Maroons in Peru in 1545 is said to have been equipped with huge quantities of Spanish arms (Bowser 1974, 188). The quilombolas (Maroons) led by Cris-Santo and Epiphano in Maranhão, Brazil, in the mid-nineteenth century are also said to have been well armed with a fair quantity of weapons and ammunition, which helped them put up strong resistance against an expeditionary force (Conrad 1983, 387–88). Baron’s group in Suriname possessed an unspecified number of swivel guns plundered from their enemies (Stedman 1988, 84). It is also quite possible that the larger communities, such as those of Palmares, Bayamito and Todos Tenemos, possessed a good many more firearms than the known sources lead us to believe, but further research on this aspect is needed. Maroons sometimes were clever enough to manufacture fake guns, out of wood and other materials, with which they fooled plantation personnel. They used coins, buttons and pebbles when lead bullets were in short supply, though the substitutes were not nearly as lethal as real bullets. When short of flints for their weapons, they sometimes used the shards of water cans (Stedman 1988, 392, 409).
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
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Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
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Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
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Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
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Part 2 Origins and Development of M
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Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
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The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
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The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
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The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
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The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
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The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
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The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
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The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
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The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
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Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
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Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Page 170 and 171: Figure 13. Domingos Jorge Velho and
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Page 186 and 187: Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 17. Palmares and vicinity. F
Page 192 and 193: Physical Organization of Maroon Com
Page 206 and 207: Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
Page 224 and 225: Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
Page 226 and 227: Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
Page 228 and 229: Maroon Government 215 why this was
Page 230 and 231: Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
Page 232 and 233: Maroon Government 219 eral states,
Page 234 and 235: Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
Page 236 and 237: Maroon Government 223 of a particul
Page 238 and 239: Maroon Government 225 395) advances
Page 240 and 241: Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
Page 242 and 243: Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Page 248 and 249: Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Page 252 and 253: Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
Page 254 and 255: Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
Page 256 and 257: Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
Page 258 and 259: Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
Page 260 and 261: Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
Page 262 and 263: Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
Page 264 and 265: Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
Page 266 and 267: Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
Page 268 and 269: Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
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Conclusion 329 overlooks the lethal
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Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
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Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
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Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
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Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
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Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
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Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Notes to pages 236-243 343 many of
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Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
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Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
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Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
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Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
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Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
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Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
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Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
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Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
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Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
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Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
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Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
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Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
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Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
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Index abduction of enslaved persons
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Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
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Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
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Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
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Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
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Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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