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Notes to pages 72–84
333
8. See also Geggus (1986, 117–18); Karasch (1987, 307); Campbell (1990, 4–5); Moitt
(2001, 134–35).
9. Old Nanny Town was taken and occupied by a British force between 1734 and 1735.
After the treaty was signed with the British in 1739 a New Nanny Town (subsequently
named Moore Town) was built at a different site (Campbell 1990, 164–65;
Agorsah 1994, 174).
10. See Tuelon (1973) for a short discussion on this subject.
11. See also Kopytoff (1976a, 90). Campbell (1990, 123) believes that Thicknesse exaggerated
her appearance, apparently in terms of the many knives that she wore.
12. Ethnic associations (called cabildos or cabildos de nación in the Spanish colonies)
existed throughout the slaveholding states and were particularly prevalent in Spanish
and Portuguese America. For further discussion on this subject, see Bastide (1972,
1978); Ortiz (1984, 1992); Reis (1993); Thornton (1998b); Warner-Lewis (2003).
13. They also united sometimes to plan and execute armed revolts. For instance, in a
petition that the slaveholding interests in Bahia sent to the Prince Regent of Portugal
in 1814, they pointed out that “[i]t is sometimes argued that they are of different
nations and so unable to unite their forces. Well, the opposite has happened in the
present revolt. ...And so it must be,because the desire to free themselves is common
to all” (Conrad 1983, 402).
14. Borrego Plá (1973, 39); Campbell (1990, 24–25, 93, 158); Kopytoff (1976b, 38–42);
Thompson (1987, 168–69).
15. Fouchard (1972, 150) states that some White people in Haiti took to marronage. Pérez
de la Riva (1979, 57) cites a Spanish official letter written around the late eighteenth
century that indicated that although the palenques (cumbes) in Cuba consisted mainly
of Black runaways, they also sheltered fugitives from justice, criminals, and pirates
involved in smuggling and trading, and that in some instances the leaders of palenques
were Whites or Yucatán Indians.
16. Many enslaved persons in Nombre de Dios, the Isthmus of Darien and Lima took
advantage of the presence of enemy fleets along the Colombian and Peruvian coasts
to revolt, and some actually assisted in the ventures. Noteworthy examples of this are
Francis Drake’s and Juan Oxenham’s incursions into the Spanish Indies in the last
decades of the sixteenth century, and those of William Penn, Robert Venables and
Henry Morgan in the seventeenth century. In 1538 Maroons helped the French to
sack Havana (Díez Castillo 1981, 4–12, 31–43; Franco 1973, 25–26; 1979, 37, 41; Borrego
Plá 1973, 25; De la Guardia 1977, 92–93; Kapsoli 1975, 68; Arrom and García Arévalo
1986, 40n7).
17. Craton (1982, 63, 147–53, 190–94, 204–6); Gargallo (2002, 9–11, 59–67); see also chapter
10. According to Michael Craton (1982, 207), “Fanning out from unhealthful Rattan
[Roatan] Island they now number more than 40,000 in twenty-five settlements in
Honduras, Belize, and Guatemala, with smaller groups in three other Central