60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Figure 22. Locations of caves in Jamaica. From Jamaica Underground: The Caves, Sinkholes and Underground Rivers of the Island (Kingston: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1997).
194 Flight to Freedom against them. All the main Maroon communities are believed to have set up constant watch, not only at the vulnerable entry points but also over a wide strategic area so they could never be taken by surprise. These sentinels usually communicated through a combination of relay runners, horns, drums, and bird or animal calls to signal the approach of the enemy. However, on several occasions the military expeditions were able to breach these defences, and not only when they had former Maroons to show them the easiest and less guarded approaches to the settlements. This suggests that either some communities became complacent or overconfident, or the sentinels did not perform their jobs efficiently. Communities that had not been attacked for years and sometimes decades, usually because the White expeditionary forces had not known previously that they existed, must have been more prone to such complacency. On some occasions the freedom of at least some members was compromised by breaches in their security system. A case in point is the André settlement in French Guiana in 1748. Louis (1979, 315–17), who belonged to the settlement, testified that the inhabitants had neither a password nor sentinels. 16 This was apparently because they naively believed that their settlement was impossible to find because of its remoteness and the lack of roads, tracks, plantations or other settlements close to it. They seem to have depended upon their ears to know when search parties were in the vicinity. They also seem never to have attacked any plantations; Louis testified that they never killed anyone. Like the André settlement, La Cueva had never been attacked before, but an expeditionary force (aided by former runaways who had turned traitors) carried out an assault at 3 a.m. More Maroons were captured on this occasion than was commonly the case for expeditions in Cuba (La Rosa Corzo 2003, 101–2). The Palenque de la Cruz and the Calunga and Todos Tenemos settlements, all in Cuba, were entered at unguarded moments, though we do not know at what time of day these breaches took place (La Rosa Corzo 2003, 161, 180, 215). Early morning attacks, at 4.30 a.m. when the Maroons were still asleep, on the Matudere and Betancur palenques in Cartagena destroyed the first, though the occupants of the second had vacated the settlement some hours before the arrival of the expeditionary force, leaving behind only five people (Borrego Plá 1973, 79–81). 17 However, it seems that the locations of these last two settlements, and also that of San Miguel (sacked a year later) did not offer the best possible security. These palenques were situated at the foot of the Sierra de Maria, and though fortified with pointed stakes and
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
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Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
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Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
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Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
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Part 2 Origins and Development of M
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Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
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The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
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The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
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The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
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The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
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The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
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The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
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The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
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The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
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Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
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Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
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Page 156 and 157: Establishment of Maroon Communities
Page 158 and 159: Military Expeditions and Judicial T
Page 170 and 171: Figure 13. Domingos Jorge Velho and
Page 172 and 173: Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
Page 186 and 187: Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
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Page 192 and 193: Physical Organization of Maroon Com
Page 220 and 221: Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
Page 224 and 225: Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
Page 226 and 227: Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
Page 228 and 229: Maroon Government 215 why this was
Page 230 and 231: Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
Page 232 and 233: Maroon Government 219 eral states,
Page 234 and 235: Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
Page 236 and 237: Maroon Government 223 of a particul
Page 238 and 239: Maroon Government 225 395) advances
Page 240 and 241: Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
Page 242 and 243: Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
Page 244 and 245: Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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Page 248 and 249: Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Page 252 and 253: Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
Page 254 and 255: Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
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Conclusion 329 overlooks the lethal
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Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
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Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
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Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
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Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
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Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
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Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Notes to pages 236-243 343 many of
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Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
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Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
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Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
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Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
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Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
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Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
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Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
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Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
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Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
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Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
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Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
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Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
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Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
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Index abduction of enslaved persons
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Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
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Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
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Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
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Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
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Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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