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336 Notes to pages 126–145
13. See also Porter (1943, 390–421).
14. See also Aptheker (1979, 162).
15. See also Porter (1932, 341, 342, 347).
16. The Mexicans referred to the Seminole Maroons as Mascogos (Mulroy 1993, 58).
Many of the Seminole Indians eventually returned to the United States (ibid., 87–89).
17. Esteban Deive (1989, 47), a modern writer, estimates the population at that time at
around 12,000.
18. A later, far more conservative figure put it at no more than two hundred (Debien
1979, 109).
19. However, in 1734 the leader of a military expedition that entered Nanny Town
declared that it contained 127 huts, which he thought could house no more than three
hundred souls, one hundred of whom were warriors. The expedition captured only a
small number of the inhabitants, though it was a more successful enterprise than
previous ones (Campbell 1990, 89–90).
20. See also Conrad (1983, 381).
21. Carneiro (1946, 23) states that between 1644 and 1694 there were sixteen expeditions
that are indisputable, two by the Dutch and the others by the Portuguese. However,
Anderson (1996, 552) declares that between 1654 and 1678 there were at least twenty
expeditions.
22. See also Corro (1951, 17).
23. See also Brito Figueroa (1985, 215–18).
24. Carneiro (1946, 53) suggests that the name Zumbi might have been a sobriquet or an
abbreviation of a longer name that signified “god of war”, a term that a contemporary
writer had attributed to him. Anderson (1996, 545) says that many people in Brazil
still revere him as an ancestor and believe that his spirit is “inherently divine and
immortal”. He also states that “This belief is such that the tercentenary celebrated
three hundred years of Zumbi’s immortality.”
25. See Santos Gomes (2002, 486).
26. See also Brito Figueroa (1985, 216).
27. Maroons elsewhere also occupied abandoned plantations – for instance, in Haiti
(Manigat 1977, 495).
Chapter 5
1. Bowser (1974, 187–221); Ortiz (1975, 362, 366); La Rosa Corzo (2003, 46–47, 62–72
passim).
2. Debien (1979, 115) suggests that these mounted police probably comprised free
Coloureds and, later, enslaved persons who expected to be freed.
3. See Thompson (1987, 160–61); Stedman (1988, 82); Campbell (1990, 69).