60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

346 Notes to pages 273–289
8. According to Marchand-Thébault (1986, 41), the Portuguese government agreed to
restitution of the deserters on condition of a pardon for those who were deemed to
have committed crimes worthy of death.
9. Paraguay honoured a similar treaty with Brazil only in a perfunctory way and gave
lands, tools and sometimes wages to the runaways from Brazil (Borrego Plá 1973,
156–57). A mutual extradition treaty was also signed in 1777 in respect of runaways
from Uruguay and Brazil (Isola 1975, 218).
10. See Hall (1992, 127, 129); Dookhan (1995, 146, 165); Thompson (1987, 138–40); Gautier
(1985, 230–31); Moreau de Saint-Méry (1979, 140, 141).
11. On the subject of day-to-day resistance, see Bauer and Bauer (1971, 37–60); Schuler
(1973, 57–75).
12. One example was the publication in 1720 of amnesty to Maroons who would turn
themselves in to their overlords within two months of the publication of the
ordinance granting them immunity from prosecution (Marchand-Thébault 1986,
39–40).
13. See also Derby (2003, 12–20).
14. For a detailed study of the Aristotelian concept as applied to the Indians, see Hanke
(1959); for a shorter discourse, see Hanke (1965).
15. For other references to Maroons turning themselves in to the slaveholding authorities,
see Villaverde (1982, 105, 112).
16. There is some debate as to whether these runaways should properly be called
Maroons and their pueblo a palenque (see Díaz 2000, 4, 6, 405n2, 406n3).
17. For other cases of runaways negotiating for improvement in their conditions of work
and life, see McFarlane (1986, 146–47).
18. See Davidson (1979, 96); Campbell (1990, 71–72, 105); Mulroy (1993, 15); Atwood
(1971, 236–37, 242).
19. Cuba promulgated similar legislation in that year (Ortiz 1975, 364–66).
20. On the torture of runaways, see chapter 5. See also Porter (1932, 329); Franco (1973,
15); Fuentes (1979, 11); Conrad (1983, 390); Brito Figueroa (1985, 212–13, 217, 240); Zips
(1999, 66).
21. For a detailed discussion of the treaties, see Campbell (1990, 126–63).
22. The reason that they gave for their action was that the San Andrés palenque had
heard about the expedition sent against them and most of the warriors had temporarily
vacated the settlement, probably to distract the expedition from attacking it,
leaving twenty women and six men on guard. The two defectors, apparently among
those left in the settlement, decided to turn themselves in at the plantation from
which they had originally fled (La Rosa Corzo 2003, 99–100).
23. Contrary to official correspondence on the subject in 1763, which claimed that the
Maroons were very aggressive, Mattoso (1979, 141) states that “To avoid possible
reprisals, white planters preferred to collaborate with the fugitives of Buraco do Tatú,