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340 Notes to pages 196–213
18. Palmer (1976, 128–29); Davidson (1979, 94); Pereira (1994, 99). See chapter 9 for
details of the treaty.
19. Villaverde (1982, 37, 43, 45, 46 passim); La Rosa Corzo (2003, 213, 235 passim).
20. The information about the relationship between the Creole and African settlements
is somewhat contradictory, as can be seen in the pages that I have cited from Borrego
Plá’s work.
21. La Rosa Corzo (2003, 21), writing about Cuba, states that “[t]he runaways living in
settlements were not traders; they were marginalized and hunted down”. This is
clearly much too sweeping a statement.
22. See also Palmer (1976, 128–29).
23. Campbell (1990, 95) states that the Jamaican Maroons sometimes sent “threatening”
messages to the planters. This was perhaps a more subtle form of taunting in the
Maroon context. See chapter 9 for further discussion on taunting.
24. See also Hoogbergen (1985, 84–85).
25. See Thornton (1991, 58–80) for a discussion of African military weapons and techniques
that might have been employed during the Haitian Revolution and at other
times.
26. The outstanding roles of the Seminole Maroons in the various European wars of the
first half of the nineteenth century are well documented in Mulroy’s (1993) excellent
book.
27. Zips (1999, 86) is quite wrong when he asserts that “Machetes were so highly valued
by the Maroons [of Jamaica] because of their superiority to the firearms. . . . The
‘combolo’ [machete] therefore assumed mythical proportions, feared exceedingly by
the colonial troops.” Similarly, his (1999, 86) citation of Montejo’s acclamation of the
virtues of the Cuban machete over the Spanish firearm in the Cuban War of
Independence was more ex post facto glorification of this weapon than reality in contemporary
times.
28. Iron was so important in traditional African societies that some communities revered
local blacksmiths as mystical figures (Laude 1973, 42; Gillon 1991, 105). For a speculative
discourse on secret African iron-working in the Caribbean, see Goucher (1990,
201–7). See Jean Libby (1992) for an interesting, though perhaps controversial,
discussion of iron-working in Africa, on the American plantations and in Maroon
communities.
29. See also Kent (1979, 177).
Chapter 7
1. Díez Castillo (1981, 49) says much the same thing about the Maroons in Panama.
2. The relationship between Grandy Nanny and Cuffee, who led the negotiations with