60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Establishment of Maroon Communities 143 Guillermo Rivas up to today is that enslaved persons used to say to their overlords: “If you continue to mistreat me I will tell Guillermo.” Dutertre (1667–71, 2:498) notes that in the French Caribbean, even before sugar had become “king”, planters were torn about disciplining their human chattels because of the fear that they would make off into the forest. One member of the Jamaican plantocracy expressed similar views in the 1730s, in the days when the Leeward and Windward Maroons were still rampant (Campbell 1990, 80). In 1825, George Hyde, a Coloured merchant in Belize, echoed the same sentiments (Bolland 2003, 73). Aptheker (1979, 160) cites a complaint that Maroon activities contributed to slave insubordination in North Carolina, in Sampson, Bladen, Onslow, Jones, New Hanover and Dublin counties, from September through December 1830. Slaveholders complained that their enslaved charges had become virtually ungovernable, going and coming as they pleased, and, when anyone attempted to discipline them, absconding to the woods where they stayed for months, stealing cattle, sheep and hogs and committing other outrages. As noted above, Maroon activities led to the complete abandonment of many plantations, especially those within the eye of the Maroon storm, and discouraged would-be planters and investors from undertaking pioneer plantations in some of the most fertile areas of the country. This was exemplified in Suriname and Jamaica, reinforcing planter views that Maroons were a plague on the body politic. Various governors of Jamaica wrote about the impact of Maroon depredations on the outlying settlements, some of which had become overrun by trees and bushes (Campbell 1990, 142). In 1734, for instance, the colonial legislature recorded that twenty-seven colonists were forced to abandon their lands in certain parts of the country because a large number of insurgent Blacks attacked them frequently, plundered and burned their houses, and wounded some of them and killed others (ibid, 60). Governor Hunter had warned the legislature a few years earlier that because of recent setbacks to military expeditions sent against the Maroons, the latter appeared to be growing in numbers and audacity, and were likely to pose such a threat that some of the settlements might have to be abandoned to them (ibid., 61). Occasionally, Maroons actually occupied abandoned plantations, as happened in Jamaica around 1733 when a group of them took over three plantations within eight miles of Port Antonio (ibid., 79). 27 The Jamaican experience arguably replicated, on a grander scale, the experience of other plantation colonies.
Chapter 5 Military Expeditions and Judicial Terror Composition of European Military Forces So-called Maroon expeditions were commonly officered by White military or militiamen and included White subordinates, Indians and enslaved Blacks. An interesting variant to this pattern was the creation in Peru, Cuba and other Spanish colonies of a constabulary, or association of enslavers, called the Hermandad (Brotherhood), comprising Whites and free Coloureds, whose dedicated task was the destruction of Maroon settlements and apprehension of deserters. 1 Periodically, the authoritarian states dispatched bigger and more organized expeditions to deal with specific problems resulting from the build-up of large Maroon establishments, but the most elaborate expeditions were those involving great contingents of soldiers, commanded by high military officers, and engaging in warfare with various Maroon settlements over several months or years. For instance, in the 1730s the Venezuelan government dispatched some fifteen hundred troops against the Yaracuy Maroons under Andresote (Brito Figueroa 1985, 210). The following excerpt from a letter written in 1824 by the police chief of Rio de Janeiro to his superiors in Lisbon sets the stage for a more detailed discussion of the difficulties that many military forces faced in destroying the Maroons. I have ordered assaults against some of these [neighbouring] quilombos with a police squad and another force whose assistance I asked for, along with soldiers 144
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
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Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
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Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
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Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
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Part 2 Origins and Development of M
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Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
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Page 120 and 121: The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
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Page 124 and 125: Establishment of Maroon Communities
Page 130 and 131: Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
Page 134 and 135: Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
Page 158 and 159: Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Page 172 and 173: Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
Page 186 and 187: Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
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Page 192 and 193: Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
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Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
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Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
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Maroon Government 215 why this was
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Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
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Maroon Government 219 eral states,
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Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
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Maroon Government 223 of a particul
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Maroon Government 225 395) advances
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Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
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Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
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Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Maroon Government 237 often contain
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Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
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Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
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Conclusion 329 overlooks the lethal
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Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
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Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
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Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
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Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
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Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
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Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Notes to pages 236-243 343 many of
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Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
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Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
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Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
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Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
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Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
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Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
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Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
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Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
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Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
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Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
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Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
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Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
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Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
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Index abduction of enslaved persons
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Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
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Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
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Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
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Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
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Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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