60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Establishment of Maroon Communities 135 San Miguel. So perturbed was the viceroy that he ordered the local magistrate to have them wiped out by any means (Palmer 1976, 123–24). In 1606 the viceroy reported that there was a large number of Maroons in Vieja and Nueva Veracruz, Río Blanco and Punta de Antón Lizardo, and that they were bolder than before. They had begun to visit the town of Tlalixcoyán, robbing homes, carrying off Black domestics and setting fire to the Spaniards’ houses (Davidson 1979, 93). 22 Gaspar Yanga, an African, originally from Gabon, who led a revolt in 1570 and shortly after established the Cofre de Perote palenque, justified assaults on White persons and property as a means of compensation for what the enslavers had taken from them over the years (Palmer 1976, 129). Maroons in Cuba travelled up to twenty and even forty miles, over hills and through forests, to attack plantations to obtain clothing, firearms and other goods (Pérez de la Riva 1979, 57). It was this strike range that unsettled a number of White settlers, since the remoteness of a Maroon settlement did not guarantee their protection from assault. Guillermo Rivas’s community in Ocoyta, Venezuela, in the 1770s provided an outstanding display of this kind of aggressive warfare. It was said that he frequently raided the towns and plantations far and wide, seizing arms, which he cached. Acosta Saignes (1979, 66) refers to his palenque as a core area of resistance and attack. He also states that Guillermo was accustomed to travel from Ocoyta to Chuspa and from Ocumare to Barcelona, in order to maintain close contact with the various communities and organize raids on the plantations and towns. He stole great quantities of cocoa, which he sold to White merchants (Acosta Saignes 1979, 64, 66–69). 23 In Colombia, in the early sixteenth century, a group of Maroons set fire to the city of Santa María. In the early seventeenth century Domingo Bioho, Maroon leader of the San Basilio palenque in that country, created havoc among the White settlements. According to Escalante (1979, 77), he was a fiery and daring person, who once plunged with thirty male and female followers into the forests and marshes of Matuna and easily defeated a group of nearly twenty enslavers who had been tracking them. Such reckless bravery was replicated often in the history of Maroon warfare. In the next few years Cartagena, Tolú, Mompós, Tenerife and other areas felt the might of the growing community of warriors. They sacked and ransacked plantations, cattle ranches and other holdings. Even after its founder’s death in battle in 1621, the palenque remained a scourge of the outlying White settlements until it signed a peace treaty early in the next century (Escalante 1979, 77–79). In the
http://www.africamission-mafr.org/image2/revolte.jpg Figure 11. Gaspar Yanga
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
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Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
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Page 100 and 101: Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
Page 102 and 103: Part 2 Origins and Development of M
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
Page 106 and 107: The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
Page 108 and 109: The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
Page 110 and 111: The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
Page 112 and 113: The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
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Page 120 and 121: The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
Page 124 and 125: Establishment of Maroon Communities
Page 130 and 131: Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
Page 134 and 135: Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
Page 158 and 159: Military Expeditions and Judicial T
Page 170 and 171: Figure 13. Domingos Jorge Velho and
Page 172 and 173: Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
Page 186 and 187: Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 17. Palmares and vicinity. F
Page 192 and 193: Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
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Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
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Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
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Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
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Maroon Government 215 why this was
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Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
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Maroon Government 219 eral states,
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Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
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Maroon Government 223 of a particul
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Maroon Government 225 395) advances
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Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
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Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
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Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Maroon Government 237 often contain
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Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
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Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
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Conclusion 329 overlooks the lethal
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Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
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Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
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Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
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Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
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Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
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Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Notes to pages 236-243 343 many of
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Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
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Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
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Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
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Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
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Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
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Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
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Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
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Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
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Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
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Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
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Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
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Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
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Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
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Index abduction of enslaved persons
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Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
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Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
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Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
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Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
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Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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