60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

Recommendations

Info

Physical Organization of Maroon Communities 183 the expeditionary force to undergo extreme hardships transporting provisions on their backs (La Rosa Corzo 2003, 31; see also 29). The soldiers from Europe learned a tough lesson when they attempted to use horses, especially against the Jamaican Maroons. Arguably, defence, or security, counted as the number one priority in selecting a site for a Maroon settlement. La Rosa Corzo (ibid., 228) states that the size of the settlement, the length of time that the runaways remained in it, its rehabilitation after assault, the size of the agrarian fields and crops grown, and the defence system were all determined by the safety factor. 8 He Figure 20. A Bahoruco Maroon community in 1785. From Los Cimarrones dil Maniel de Nieba, by Carlos Esteban Deive (Santo Domingo: Banco Central de la República Dominicana, 1985).
184 Flight to Freedom (ibid., 15, 225) notes three characteristics of Maroon settlements: isolation from populated areas, obscurity that made them difficult to locate, and difficulty of access for anyone seeking to enter them. He also remarks that the huts or houses were usually scattered in the settlements to make it difficult for expeditionary forces to surprise all the inhabitants at once and to permit unimpeded flight. While water was abundant in or around many Maroon settlements, good drinking water was not always easy to find. In the Guianas and Brazil, with the many streams that chequered the landscape, Maroons often built their settlements close to those that offered a good supply of relatively wholesome drinking water. The best example is Palmares, by or through which many rivers flowed, including the Ipojuca, Serinhaem, Una, Paraiba, Mundau, Panema, Camaragibe, Porto Calvo and Jacuipe, with their numerous springs and tributaries (Carneiro 1946, 26). In Jamaica the Windward settlements were also well provided with water through the Rio Grande, Negro and Dry Rivers and the Jackmandoore Spring (Agorsah 1994, 168). For their greater convenience, or where water was less abundant, the Maroons employed their knowledge and technological skills to resolve the problem. For instance, an expedition sent against the Windward Maroons in 1730 reported finding a large cave with two troughs for holding water (Agorsah 1994, 169). In Haiti in 1717, a French officer on a military expedition discovered a settlement with a well forty feet deep (Moreau de Saint-Méry 1979, 135). The fields of Palmares were apparently well irrigated with canals (Conrad 1983, 369). 9 Of course, apart from drinking, water was needed to grow crops and for other daily activities. Personal hygiene must have been an important feature of at least some of the communities. This is relevant, because part of the mythology of slavery is that Africans were naturally unclean. Historians have repeatedly noted the contradiction between that assumption and the fact that Black women were the main domestic hands in most White households, cooking, washing, cleaning the homes, looking after the children and occasionally breast-feeding them. The unclean conditions in which many plantation and other Blacks lived had a lot to do with their limited access to the tools of cleanliness and the state of knowledge about the spread of disease pathogens. In the late eighteenth century Stedman (1988, 409–10) recorded that the Maroons in Suriname used the dwarf aloes to make soap, evidence that they were concerned about personal cleanliness even in the trying circumstances of life in the bush and often on the run. In the 1570s Francis
Page 2 and 3:
Flight to Freedom
Page 4 and 5:
Flight to Freedom African Runaways
Page 6 and 7:
To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
Page 8 and 9:
Contents List of Illustrations / ix
Page 10 and 11:
Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
Page 12 and 13:
Acknowledgements My research for th
Page 14 and 15:
Introduction Slavery is the most pe
Page 16 and 17:
Introduction 3 nialism. François D
Page 18 and 19:
Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
Page 20 and 21:
Introduction 7 study also looks at
Page 22 and 23:
Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
Page 24 and 25:
Introduction 11 Maroons from their
Page 26 and 27:
Introduction 13 what they perceive
Page 28 and 29:
Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
Page 30 and 31:
Introduction 17 violently against t
Page 32 and 33:
Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
Page 34 and 35:
Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
Page 36 and 37:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
Page 38 and 39:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
Page 40 and 41:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
Page 42 and 43:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
Page 44 and 45:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
Page 46 and 47:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
Page 48 and 49:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
Page 50 and 51:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
Page 52 and 53:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
Page 54 and 55:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
Page 56 and 57:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
Page 58 and 59:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
Page 60 and 61:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
Page 62 and 63:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
Page 64 and 65:
Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
Page 66 and 67:
Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
Page 68 and 69:
Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
Page 70 and 71:
Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
Page 72 and 73:
Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
Page 74 and 75:
Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
Page 76 and 77:
Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
Page 78 and 79:
Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
Page 80 and 81:
Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
Page 82 and 83:
Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
Page 84 and 85:
Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
Page 86 and 87:
Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
Page 88 and 89:
Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
Page 90 and 91:
Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
Page 92 and 93:
Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
Page 94 and 95:
Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
Page 96 and 97:
Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
Page 98 and 99:
Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
Page 100 and 101:
Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
Page 102 and 103:
Part 2 Origins and Development of M
Page 104 and 105:
Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
Page 106 and 107:
The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
Page 108 and 109:
The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
Page 110 and 111:
The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
Page 112 and 113:
The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
Page 114 and 115:
The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
Page 116 and 117:
The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
Page 118 and 119:
The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
Page 120 and 121:
The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
Page 124 and 125:
Establishment of Maroon Communities
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147: Establishment of Maroon Communities
Page 158 and 159: Military Expeditions and Judicial T
Page 170 and 171: Figure 13. Domingos Jorge Velho and
Page 172 and 173: Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
Page 186 and 187: Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
Page 190 and 191: Figure 17. Palmares and vicinity. F
Page 192 and 193: Physical Organization of Maroon Com
Page 206 and 207: Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
Page 220 and 221: Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
Page 224 and 225: Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
Page 226 and 227: Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
Page 228 and 229: Maroon Government 215 why this was
Page 230 and 231: Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
Page 232 and 233: Maroon Government 219 eral states,
Page 234 and 235: Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
Page 236 and 237: Maroon Government 223 of a particul
Page 238 and 239: Maroon Government 225 395) advances
Page 240 and 241: Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
Page 242 and 243: Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
Page 244 and 245: Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
Page 246 and 247:
http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
Page 248 and 249:
Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
Page 250 and 251:
Maroon Government 237 often contain
Page 252 and 253:
Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
Page 254 and 255:
Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
Page 256 and 257:
Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
Page 258 and 259:
Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
Page 260 and 261:
Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
Page 262 and 263:
Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
Page 264 and 265:
Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
Page 266 and 267:
Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
Page 268 and 269:
Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
Page 270 and 271:
Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
Page 272 and 273:
Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
Page 274 and 275:
Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
Page 276 and 277:
Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
Page 278 and 279:
Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
Page 280 and 281:
Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
Page 282 and 283:
Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
Page 284 and 285:
Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
Page 286 and 287:
Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
Page 288 and 289:
Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
Page 290 and 291:
Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
Page 292 and 293:
Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
Page 294 and 295:
Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
Page 296 and 297:
Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
Page 298 and 299:
Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
Page 300 and 301:
Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
Page 302 and 303:
Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
Page 304 and 305:
Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
Page 306 and 307:
Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
Page 308 and 309:
Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
Page 310 and 311:
Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
Page 338 and 339:
Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
Page 340 and 341:
Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
Page 342 and 343:
Conclusion 329 overlooks the lethal
Page 344 and 345:
Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
Page 346 and 347:
Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
Page 348 and 349:
Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
Page 350 and 351:
Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
Page 352 and 353:
Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
Page 354 and 355:
Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
Page 356 and 357:
Notes to pages 236-243 343 many of
Page 358 and 359:
Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
Page 360 and 361:
Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
Page 362 and 363:
Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
Page 364 and 365:
Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
Page 366 and 367:
Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
Page 368 and 369:
Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
Page 370 and 371:
Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
Page 372 and 373:
Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
Page 374 and 375:
Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
Page 376 and 377:
Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
Page 378 and 379:
Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
Page 380 and 381:
Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
Page 382 and 383:
Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
Page 384 and 385:
Index abduction of enslaved persons
Page 386 and 387:
Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
Page 388 and 389:
Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
Page 390 and 391:
Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
Page 392 and 393:
Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
Page 394:
Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
show all

60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?