60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

Notes to pages 146–164
337
4. Buckley (1998, 214–47); Esteban Deive (1989, 48); Bowser (1974, 188); Campbell (1990,
40).
5. Patterson (1979, 263–67); Campbell (1990, 37, 40, 62–66, 86); Buckley (1998, 203–47).
6. Escalante (1979, 80); Stedman (1988, 81); Palmer (1976, 123); Esteban Deive (1989,
52–53); Bowser (1974, 212); Fouchard (1972, 367–68); Reis (1993, 41); La Rosa Corzo
(2003, 4).
7. Black Shots were enslaved persons whom the Jamaican government recruited to
assist in tracking down Maroons. Campbell (1990, 68–69, see also 73, 76, 81, 83–84);
Patterson (1979, 265–66).
8. For a more detailed description of the Black Rangers, see Stedman (1988, 82).
9. Barnet (1996, 39); Davidson (1979, 95–96); Aptheker (1979, 154); Stampp (1968, 61);
Fuentes (1979, 14); Campbell (1990, 2, 37); La Rosa Corzo (2003, 108). See Ortiz
(1975, 366–68, 377–80) for a more detailed discussion of the use of dogs to hunt down
Maroons in the Caribbean.
10. Ortiz (1975, 366–68); Dallas (1803, 2:55–71); Philalethes (1979, 60–63); Campbell (1990,
216).
11. See Franco (1973, 35–36) for a short statement on the terrible bites that bloodhounds
inflicted on runaways in the United States.
12. See Campbell (1990, 61–69).
13. Stedman (1988, 99); Thompson (2002b, 196–97); La Rosa Corzo (2003, 85–86); Pinto
Vallejos (1998, 188).
14. Thompson (2002b, 195–96); La Rosa Corzo (2003, 85–86); Escalante (1979, 75). La
Rosa Corzo (2003, 86) informs us that, according to the regulations in operation in
Cuba in 1796, no bounties were paid on runaways who were in such bad condition
that their owners refused to redeem them. This must have led to bounty hunters
killing such people and bringing in their right ears to collect the state bounty.
According to La Rosa Corzo (ibid.), bounties were paid for right ears brought in;
however, he also states (p. 97) that the regulations did not allow for bounties on dead
runaways. It is possible that the law was changed later.
15. See Pinto Vallejos (1998, 188).
16. Navarrete (2003); Conrad (1983); Ortiz (1975); Frijol (1982); Borrego Plá (1973);
Schalkwijk (1994).
17. See also Villaverde (1982, 80).
18. See also Lara (1988, 295–322); Boxer (1963, 170).
19. A similar kind of abuse occurred in Peru (Bowser 1974, 215–16).
20. These laws were based on imperial laws published periodically on the subject,
though they were often modified locally as colonial officials deemed appropriate. For
imperial laws between 1571 and 1619 see Franco (1973, 10–15).
21. Carneiro (1946, 37); Jordan (1968, 154, 156); Navarette (2003, 49); Stampp (1968, 61);
Genovese (1976, 34, 67); León (1924, 10); Zips (1999, 36); Mellafe (1975, 83).