Index 377 fish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g, 249; m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> metalwork<strong>in</strong>g, 251–53 food: preparation of, 254–55; security of supply, 244 fraternal relations between, 200–201 <strong>freedom</strong> <strong>in</strong>, 52, 216, 326 government of, 218–23 humane pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>in</strong>, 218 hygiene <strong>in</strong>, 184, 339n10 <strong>in</strong>equities <strong>in</strong>, 211–12 <strong>in</strong>fluences on, external <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternal, 102 labour specialization <strong>in</strong>, 250 l<strong>and</strong> value <strong>in</strong>, improvement of, 241 locat<strong>in</strong>g, 6 material culture of, 240 multi-ethnicity of, 13–14, 79–88, 175–76; 338n1 number of, 110 peaceful vs. aggressive, 16, 201–3 physical organisation of, 176–87 population estimates of, 128–29 religion <strong>in</strong>, 230–38; Christianity, 232–38 sexual composition of, 69–71 similarity between, 7 slavery <strong>in</strong>, 223–29 social structure of, 11, 13, 175–76; 204–206, 211–18 weapons <strong>in</strong>, 209–10, 259, 260, 261 Whites <strong>in</strong>, 80–81, 333n15 women, named after, 77–78 See also names of larger communities. See also under <strong>in</strong>dividual colonies Maroon descendants, 5 Ndjuka (Sur<strong>in</strong>ame), 11; political system, 221–22; religion, role of, 229 skills, range of, among, 256 Maroon expeditions, 144–54 Black <strong>and</strong> Coloured “auxiliaries”, 148 citizen militias, 145, 147–48 desertion by Black Maroon-hunters, 149–50 futility of, 146 hardships encountered by, 178, 180, 182–83, 185–87 leaders of, 156–60 provision grounds, destruction by, 241, 251 regular army, 145–46 reprisals aga<strong>in</strong>st, by Maroons, 154 revenge as motive for, 203 scouts <strong>in</strong>, 150 Maroon government, 211–38 African features of, 222–23 consultative pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, 218–20 despotisms, 212–16 <strong>in</strong>equities, 211–12 separation of powers, 221 slave society, comparison with, 216 Maroon leaders conflict between, over treaties, 305–6 contempt of, for Whites, 285 despotism of, 212–15, 222–23 female, 76–77 male, 6 powers of, 218–21 summary execution by, 223 treaties, negotiation of: betrayal of followers, 304–6, 312; <strong>runaways</strong>, return of, 307–15 See also <strong>in</strong>dividual names Maroon place names, surviv<strong>in</strong>g, 5 Maroons artisans among, 256 betrayal of, by comrades, 269, 285–89 bravery of, 203–4, 217 cooperation with Spanish by, <strong>in</strong> Florida, 122 first recorded, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas, 112 free Blacks, relations with, 38, 267–72 Indian, 96, 124, 126, 127 Indians, hostile relations with, 245 life expectancy of, 46 material culture of, 256–57 negotiations with enslavers, 278–89 pejorative descriptions of, 28–29
378 Index Maroons (cont’d) population estimates of, 128–29 post-treaty, assess<strong>in</strong>g, 307–15 price of capture, 161–72 psychology of, 153; revenge as motive for attacks by, 203 response <strong>to</strong> punishment, 169–71 revolutionary consciousness among, 315–22 role of, <strong>in</strong> society, 324–25, 329 security, importance of, 183–84, 244 self-def<strong>in</strong>ition, 110 <strong>and</strong> slaves: symbiosis between, 14–16, 139–40, 269 trade with o<strong>the</strong>r groups, 257–62 water, importance of, 184–85 See also <strong>runaways</strong> Maroon studies, 1–2 Maroon wars, 115–16, 309 marronage costs of, 297–98, 325–26 dialectics of, 2 enslavers’ view of, 47–48 etymology of, 54, 112, 331n11 ideology of, 51 <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong>: follow<strong>in</strong>g abolition, 278; follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dependence, 318–19 <strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>and</strong> collective, 58–67 maritime, 103–4, 107–8, 333n16 power of, 94 seriousness of, 53–58, 164 significance of, 324 urban, 103–8 women <strong>in</strong>, role of, 72–78 See also Maroons; <strong>runaways</strong> Mason, John, 107 metallurgy, 251–53 Mexico African/Indian alliances <strong>in</strong>, 98–99 armed <strong>runaways</strong> <strong>in</strong>, 54 assaults by Maroons <strong>in</strong>, 133–35 celebration of Maroon heritage <strong>in</strong>, 3 <strong>in</strong>dependence movement, Maroon <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong>, 318 Maroon settlements <strong>in</strong>, 115 population estimates <strong>in</strong>, Blacks <strong>and</strong> Maroons, 128 <strong>to</strong>pographical features of, 181 migration of souls African belief <strong>in</strong>, 93 military strategies, Maroon, 197–206 m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, 251–52, 344n17 miscegenation Black Caribs (Garifuna), 83–84, 272 Blacks <strong>and</strong> Indians, 123; prohibitions aga<strong>in</strong>st, 69 Sem<strong>in</strong>ole Maroons, 124, 126 Miski<strong>to</strong> Maroons (Nicaragua), 110; trade networks, 261 Modyford, Sir Thomas (governor of Jamaica): Articles of War aga<strong>in</strong>st Maroons, 118 Montejo, Esteban, 59–61, 65 Montesquieu, Baron (Charles) de: De l’Esprit des lois (The Spirit of Laws), condemnation of slavery, 42 Nanny of <strong>the</strong> Maroons. See Gr<strong>and</strong>y Nanny Ndjuka settlement. See under Sur<strong>in</strong>ame Negro Fort, 124; destruction of, by US forces, 125 Ocampo, Diego de, 128, 304 oppression: nature of, 266 Palmares settlement (Brazil), 2, 3–4, 100, 142, 181, 283 abduction of White women by, 71–72 artisans <strong>in</strong>, 209, 256 defence system <strong>in</strong> , 187–88 destruction of, 130, 314 economy of, 240, 245–46 ethnicity <strong>in</strong>, 78, 257 expeditions aga<strong>in</strong>st, 156, 157–58, 187, 330n3, 339n11
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
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Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
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Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
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Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
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Part 2 Origins and Development of M
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Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
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The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
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The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
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The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
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The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
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The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
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The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
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The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
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The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
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Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Figure 13. Domingos Jorge Velho and
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Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
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Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
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Figure 17. Palmares and vicinity. F
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
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Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
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Maroon Government 215 why this was
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Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
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Maroon Government 219 eral states,
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Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
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Maroon Government 223 of a particul
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Maroon Government 225 395) advances
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Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
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Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
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Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Maroon Government 237 often contain
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Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
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Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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- Page 382 and 383: Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
- Page 384 and 385: Index abduction of enslaved persons
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