60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Index 379 government of, 218–19 mass suicide in, 92, 334n2 military training in, 205 physical description of, 176–78 population estimate of, 129 religion in, 236 “republic of warriors”, 67, 129 social structure of, 212, 251 trade with merchants, 258 treaty with Portuguese: dissension over, 313–14; land grants to Whites, 298; terms of, 291 tribute paid to, by planters, 289 water sources in, 184 weapons in, 209–10 Panama Maroon settlements in, 114 treaty with Maroons in, terms of, 290 Pearl Lagoon (Nicaragua), 110, 261 Peru assaults by Maroons in, 133 Lima: ethnicity of deserters, 79; gender of deserters, 70; urban desertion, 105 Pierce, Franklin, 155 poor Whites pejorative terms for, 38, 39 position in society, 39, 41–42 relations with Blacks and Maroons, 39–40, 80–81 power, abuse of: by civil officials, 279–80 Quacy, Graman, 269–71 Quakers: opposition to slavery, 106 Quashie, 282 religion Afro-Christian, 231, 232–38 Catholicism, conversion of Maroons to, 276–77 clergy, role of, in treaty-making, 306–7 justification for slavery, 348n7 as political strategy, 236–38 role of, in African societies, 229–30 role of, in Maroon societies, 230–38, 342n17 resistance forms of, 31–32 nature of, 16–17 revolutionary consciousness, development of, 315–22 rice, cultivation of, 248–49 Rivas, Guillermo, 135, 142, 143, 176, 283 beheaded, 167 despotism of, 213, 214 liberator, seen as, 317 leadership qualities of, 220 Rivas, Miguel, 176, 232 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: Du Contrat Social (The Social Contract), on illegitimacy of slavery, 42 runaways, 44–45 age range of, 64–65 armed bands of, 53–54 castration of, 163–65 concessions won by, 284–85 corpses of, display of, 161, 167 destinations of, 272–73; ; Spanish colonies, 276–78; urban vs. rural, 72–73 families of: left behind, 57–58; punishment of, 168–69 female, 72–78 frequent, 55–56 mechanisms of escape of, 95–96 numbers of, in Haiti, 101 return of, by pacified Maroons, 307–15 solitary: limited freedom of, 59–61 solitary confinement of, 165–67 in southern United States, 120 See also Maroons Saint-Marc, Henriette, 76 Sánchez, Ventura, 141, 260, 306; betrayal and suicide of, 294 Sandoval, Gómez de (governor of Dominican Republic), 113
380 Index Saramaka settlement. See under Suriname Seminole Maroons, 124, 126, 127, 131 agriculture among, 246 health of, 250 military discipline among, 205–6 military strategy of, 199–200 negotiation with US, refusal of, 313 weapons among, 208, 261 Seminole Wars, 120, 126–27, 301 Serras, Juan de, 85, 156; elected, 220 sexual promiscuity: myth of, among Maroons, 71 slave laws: free Blacks and free Coloureds, effect on, 33–35 slave revolts, 15, 16, 93–94 betrayal of, by slaves, 266, 291 limitations of, on plantations, 94 religion in, role of, 231–32, 235 slavery dehumanizing influence of, 101, 171–72, 216, 323 denouncements of, 42–43 as power relations, 21–28 Spanish prototype, 111–12 total institution, 14 slaves. See enslaved persons Spain conflicts with other colonial powers, 276–78, 283 treaties, 277–78 Spirit of Laws, The (de Montesquieu), 42 Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 9 St Domingue. See Haiti St Vincent and the Grenadines celebration of Maroon heritage in, 3 See also Black Caribs sugar cultivation harsh conditions of slavery, 112 human cost of, 100 suicide: as resistance, 17; mass, 92–93 Suriname, 2 amnesty accepted in, 283 Bahoruco, 332n6, 339n7 Black Rangers of, 116, 150, 267, 310, 345n3 brutality in, 25, 26, 27, 95 conflicts between Maroons in, 311 fear of Maroons in, among Whites, 131–32 food preparation, by Maroons in, 254 gender of deserters in, 70 health of Maroons in, 250 Maroon economy in, 248–49 Maroons in, estimated population, 116 Maroon wars, 115–16; escalation of, after treaties, 309 military strategy, Maroon, 199 Ndjuka settlement, 2, 115; conflicts with other Maroons, 85, 86, 116; population estimate, 129 population estimates, Black and Maroon, 128 Saramaka settlement, 2, 115; population estimate, 129 swamps attacks on soldiers in, 197 as obstacles to expeditions, 191 Tackey’s revolt ( Jamaica), 169, 232; betrayal of, 266, 291, 309 Thistlewood, Thomas, 75–76 Three-Fingered Jack, 6, 85, 308–9 Todos Tenemos settlement (Cuba), 120, 338n3 agriculture in, 246 Christianity in, 234 gender of deserters in, 70 military strategy of, 200 physical organisation of, 176 population of, 111 Tortuga: maritime outlaws in, 113 torture of Maroons physical, 286–87 psychological, 26–27
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
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Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
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Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
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Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
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Part 2 Origins and Development of M
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Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
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The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
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The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
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The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
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The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
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The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
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The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
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The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
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The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
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Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
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Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Figure 13. Domingos Jorge Velho and
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Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
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Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
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Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
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Figure 17. Palmares and vicinity. F
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
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Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
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Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
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Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
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Maroon Government 215 why this was
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Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
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Maroon Government 219 eral states,
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Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
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Maroon Government 223 of a particul
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Maroon Government 225 395) advances
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Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
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Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
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Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Maroon Government 237 often contain
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Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
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Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Conclusion 325 that Maroon depredat
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Conclusion 327 scholars seem to bel
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Page 344 and 345: Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
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Page 348 and 349: Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
Page 350 and 351: Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
Page 352 and 353: Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
Page 354 and 355: Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Page 358 and 359: Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
Page 360 and 361: Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
Page 362 and 363: Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
Page 364 and 365: Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
Page 366 and 367: Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
Page 368 and 369: Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
Page 370 and 371: Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
Page 372 and 373: Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
Page 374 and 375: Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
Page 376 and 377: Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
Page 378 and 379: Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
Page 380 and 381: Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
Page 382 and 383: Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
Page 384 and 385: Index abduction of enslaved persons
Page 386 and 387: Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
Page 388 and 389: Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
Page 390 and 391: Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
Page 394: Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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