60199616-flight-to-freedom-african-runaways-and-maroons-in-the-americas

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Index abduction of enslaved persons, 268; large-scale, 224–29 of men, 223–24 of women, 67–72, 224 abolition era, 92 agriculture diversified, among Maroons, 242, 243–44, 245–49 women’s role in, in Africa, 341–42n13 Akan people, 78, 252 dominant role of, in insurrection, 86–88 ethnic conflicts of, with other Africans, 80 alliances African/Indian, 79, 83–84, 97–99, 115 Black/White, 80–82 between Maroon groups, 85 Maroons/colonial armies, 205–6 Maroons/slaves, 139–40 Maroons/Spanish governors, 122–23 Aluku settlements (Suriname) beauty of, 176 defence systems in, 189–90 destruction of, 85 emigration of occupants, to French Guiana, 273–74 fear of, among Whites, 131 growth of, 116 houses in, 211 rice cultivation in, 247 See also Boni; Suriname Amerindians. See Indians Ambrister, Robert, 82 amnesty, offers of acceptance of, 283–85 ineffectiveness of, 280–83, 285 Anderson, Elijah, 107 Andresote, 38, 144, 317 Arbuthnot, Alexander, 82, 208, 261 army life, brutality of, 147 assaults, Maroon, on White communities, 129–43 effects of, on economy, 130, 132–33, 143, 241 fear of, among Whites, 131–33, 131–37, 140–43 protection from, attempts at, 137–38 Bahamas: Maroon settlements in, 125 Bahoruco Maroons (Dominican Republic), 332n6 assaults by: effect on planters of, 114 habitat of: topographical features of, 181 See also Le Maniel settlement Barbados: Maroon settlements in, 110 Barbe-Blanche, Jasmin, 63–64 Belize, 168 amnesty accepted in, 283 Black Caribs moved to, 300 371
372 Index Belize (cont’d) colony of exile, reputation as, 345n7 Berbice (Guyana), 23 brutality, 24 –25 ethnic conflicts, 80 firearms, 209 Michael (frequent deserter), 55–56 relations with White soldiers, 82 slave revolt (1763), 15, 16, 93; betrayal of, 266 Bermuda: obstacles to desertion, 104 betrayal of Maroons by comrades, 269, 285–89 by enslaved persons, 266–72 by leaders, 304–306, 312 precautions against, 225–29 Black Caribs (St Vincent), 83–84, 272 moved to Belize, 300 war over land, 299–300 Black Rangers (Suriname), 116, 150, 267, 310, 345n3 Black Shots ( Jamaica), 149, 150, 267, 337n7 Bluefields (Nicaragua), 110, 261 Blue Mountains, 180 Bolas, Juan de. See Juan de Bolas Maroons Boni, 116, 176; despotism of, 213–16 bounties, 154–60; ordinary and special, 155 bounty hunters, 149, 154 gratuitous killing by, 156, 337n14 ex-Maroons as, 291 extortion by, 160 branding ownership, sign of, 21–22 punishment for desertion, 163; emblem of honour, 164 Brazil assaults on White communities in, 129–30, 133 bush captains (capitães do mato) in, 147, 149 celebration of Maroon heritage in, 3–4 Maroon expeditions in: planters’ lack of support for, 147 Maroon settlements in, 111; artisans in, 256; boat production in, 255–56; defence system in, 188–89; ethnic composition of, 79; government in, 221; pejorative description of, 37; physical description of, 176–79; population estimates in, 129; trade in firewood, 261 Mucajubá settlement, 178 religion in, 230, 231–32 revolts, intentions of, 321 topographical features of, 181 Trombetas settlement, 178–79, 338n4 Urubu (Vulture) quilombo, 77, 321 See also Palmares Brown, John, 106 brutality, 23–28 as deterrent to desertion, 161 myth of, among Maroons, 216–18 Burns, Anthony: cost of recapturing, 155 “bush”, as symbol and threat, 36 Carrion Crow Hill, 198 castration, 163–65 prohibition of, 338n22 psychological aspects of, 165 caves: Maroon hideouts, 191–92 Chatoyer, Joseph (Chatawe), 3, 6, 300 Cidade, Francisco, 139 citizen militias, 145, 147–48 Civil War (US), 107 Cockpit Country, 179–80, 186, 198, 338n6 Coffin, Levi, 106 Colombia Cartagena: brutality, 25; ethnic conflicts, 80; runaway communities near, 114–15; ethnicity in, 78 Chocó, 26; African/Indian alliances in, 99 female deserters in, 68; smallscale desertion in, 66 Matudere settlement, 114, 137; abduction of White women by, 71–72; destruction of, 194; ethnic composi-
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Flight to Freedom
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Flight to Freedom African Runaways
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To my wife, Hilda, with all my love
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations Zabeth / frontispiece
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Acknowledgements My research for th
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Introduction Slavery is the most pe
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Introduction 3 nialism. François D
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Introduction 5 The Cockpit Country
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Introduction 7 study also looks at
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Introduction 9 Naturally, there wer
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Introduction 11 Maroons from their
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Introduction 13 what they perceive
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Introduction 15 ous other kinds of
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Introduction 17 violently against t
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Part 1 Ideological Bases of Marrona
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Chapter 1 Totalitarianism and Slave
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 23 Figu
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 25 When
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 27 and
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 29 grav
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 31 ensl
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 33 free
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 35 an o
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 37 flig
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 39 Virg
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 41 Robe
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 43 Then
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 45 Maro
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 47 Roch
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 49 plus
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Totalitarianism and Slavery 51 the
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Chapter 2 Forms of Marronage Petit
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Forms of Marronage 55 bondage. Flig
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Forms of Marronage 57 Esteban Deive
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Forms of Marronage 59 context of de
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Forms of Marronage 61 the birds and
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Forms of Marronage 63 Douglass, lik
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Forms of Marronage 65 per cent of t
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Forms of Marronage 67 their settlem
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Forms of Marronage 69 that pregnanc
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Forms of Marronage 71 tury, and the
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Forms of Marronage 73 found that mo
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Forms of Marronage 75 such a persis
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Forms of Marronage 77 Brathwaite 19
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Forms of Marronage 79 The weight of
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Forms of Marronage 81 In 1549 a sma
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Forms of Marronage 83 Of the non-Af
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Forms of Marronage 85 refer to the
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Forms of Marronage 87 of deserters,
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Part 2 Origins and Development of M
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Chapter 3 The Imperative of Freedom
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The Imperative of Freedom 93 ing th
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The Imperative of Freedom 95 Stedma
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The Imperative of Freedom 97 role a
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The Imperative of Freedom 99 Some o
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The Imperative of Freedom 101 and s
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The Imperative of Freedom 103 socie
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The Imperative of Freedom 105 310).
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The Imperative of Freedom 107 ferri
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Chapter 4 Establishment of Maroon C
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Establishment of Maroon Communities
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Figure 7. Jamaica: The Maroon phase
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Figure 8. Route of Miguel Peréz’
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Military Expeditions and Judicial T
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Figure 13. Domingos Jorge Velho and
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Figure 14. A Brazilian capitão do
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Part 3 Maroon Organization Freedom
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Chapter 6 Physical Organization of
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Figure 17. Palmares and vicinity. F
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Physical Organization of Maroon Com
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Figure 22. Locations of caves in Ja
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Figure 23. A Suriname Maroon attire
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Chapter 7 Maroon Government Structu
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Maroon Government 213 lence in thes
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Maroon Government 215 why this was
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Maroon Government 217 but, murder o
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Maroon Government 219 eral states,
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Maroon Government 221 In the Cofre
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Maroon Government 223 of a particul
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Maroon Government 225 395) advances
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Maroon Government 227 freedom was c
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Maroon Government 229 Generally, Ma
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Maroon Government 231 ever saw, who
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http://members.aol.com/fsln/gallery
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Maroon Government 235 “the slaveo
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Maroon Government 237 often contain
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Chapter 8 Maroon Economy Interdepen
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Maroon Economy 241 on plantations a
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Maroon Economy 243 Agriculture The
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Maroon Economy 245 displayed all th
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Maroon Economy 247 treaty that the
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Maroon Economy 249 varieties in the
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Maroon Economy 251 sion. Neverthele
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Maroon Economy 253 (1997, 86), Maro
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Maroon Economy 255 time-consuming p
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Maroon Economy 257 displaying desig
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Maroon Economy 259 of the mines for
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Maroon Economy 261 commercial inter
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Part 4 Accommodation or Revolution
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Chapter 9 Negotiations and Treaties
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Negotiations and Treaties 267 thirt
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Negotiations and Treaties 269 they
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Negotiations and Treaties 271 In hi
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Negotiations and Treaties 273 share
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Negotiations and Treaties 275 tions
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Negotiations and Treaties 277 more
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Negotiations and Treaties 279 some
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Negotiations and Treaties 281 and j
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Negotiations and Treaties 283 In 17
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Negotiations and Treaties 285 littl
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Negotiations and Treaties 287 We th
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Negotiations and Treaties 289 said
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Negotiations and Treaties 291 Palma
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Negotiations and Treaties 293 ment
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Chapter 10 Maroons and Revolutionar
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Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
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Page 334 and 335: Maroons and Revolutionary Struggle
Page 336 and 337: Conclusion I paid my duty To live h
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Page 344 and 345: Notes to pages 38-62 331 before ema
Page 346 and 347: Notes to pages 72-84 333 8. See als
Page 348 and 349: Notes to pages 108-125 335 11. See
Page 350 and 351: Notes to pages 146-164 337 4. Buckl
Page 352 and 353: Notes to pages 181-194 339 7. Fouch
Page 354 and 355: Notes to pages 213-224 341 the Whit
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Page 358 and 359: Notes to pages 254-272 345 18. On t
Page 360 and 361: Notes to pages 290-306 347 who, bec
Page 362 and 363: Bibliography Acosta Saignes, Miguel
Page 364 and 365: Bibliography 351 Bosnegersamenlevin
Page 366 and 367: Bibliography 353 Cohen, David and J
Page 368 and 369: Bibliography 355 Dookhan, Isaac. 19
Page 370 and 371: Bibliography 357 Antilles du XVII e
Page 372 and 373: Bibliography 359 Isichei, Elizabeth
Page 374 and 375: Bibliography 361 Laude, Jean. 1973.
Page 376 and 377: Bibliography 363 Memmi, Albert. 196
Page 378 and 379: Bibliography 365 Pérez de Ribas, A
Page 380 and 381: Bibliography 367 Rueda Mendez, Davi
Page 382 and 383: Bibliography 369 ———. 1995.
Page 386 and 387: Index 373 tion of, 79; firearms in,
Page 388 and 389: Index 375 freedom access to, for Bl
Page 390 and 391: Index 377 fishing and gathering, 24
Page 392 and 393: Index 379 government of, 218-19 mas
Page 394: Index 381 Toussaint Louverture, Fra
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