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The most obvious means we have of accomplishing this work is communication. Inherently limited by our own experiences, we are like the blind men describing an elephant: each of us is right, but no one has the whole picture. By comparing notes, we help each other get closer to the truth—when you tell me what you feel and I tell you what I feel, we both expand our understanding of the unseeable whole. But many things can impede communication, including, ironically, language. The verbal toolkit you inherit as a toddler enables you to effectively communicate within the culture you’re born in to, but sets you apart from the rest of the world. Humans have a long and bloody track record of distrusting and devaluing what we do not understand, and “In biblical terms, every translated word works to reverse the confusion of tongues, allowing us to temporarily inhabit a long lost state of unity.” conflating the capacity for verbal communication with sentience. Historically, this has been a favorite justification for denying moral standing to people from other cultures, people with disabilities, nonhuman species, and the earth itself—if they can’t tell us they suffer, we don’t believe that they do. In granting us the superpower of transcending the language barrier, at least, for now, among humans (fun fact: technology is currently being developed to facilitate two-way communication between humans and dolphins), translation reminds us that while the signifiers are infinitely variable, the signified is universal—whether you call it dolor or Schmelz or pain, it hurts! In biblical terms, every translated word works to reverse the confusion of tongues, allowing us to temporarily inhabit a long lost state of unity. What translation can do for us, and what we so desperately need at this juncture in human history, is to radically increase our empathic capacities; to learn, or perhaps relearn, how to listen—to people of all linguistic traditions and hopefully, some day, to beings who don’t “speak” at all. As our empathy expands, so do the confines of our own egos. As our compassion grows, we become infinite. Johanna Warren has translated Natalia Carrero and Juan Valera, and received an NEA Translation Fellowship in 2013 to translate the work of Claudia Hernández. The Art of Empathy: Celebrating Literature in Translation 75
Recommended Translations Suggestions by the essayists of this book in alphabetical order by author. A Fool’s Life by Ryonosuke Akutagawa, translated from the Japanese by Will Peterson. The Poetics of Space by Gaston Bachelard, translated from the French by Maria Jolas. The Elegance of the Hedgehog by Muriel Barbery, translated from the French by Alison Anderson. Chinese Letter by Svetislav Basara, translated from the Serbian by Ana Lucic. I Never Dared Hope for You by Christian Bobin, translated from the French by Alison Anderson. 2666 by Roberto Bolaño, translated from the Spanish by Natasha Wimmer. Labyrinths by Jorge Luis Borges, translated from the Spanish by Donald A. Yates and James E. Irby. Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, translated from the English into Chinese by Yuan-ren Chao. Anton Chekhov: A Life in Letters, translated from the Russian by Rosamund Bartlett and Anthony Phillips. Claudine at School by Colette, translated from the French by Antonia White. Hopscotch by Julio Cortázar, translated from the Spanish by Gregory Rabassa. Inferno by Dante, translated from the Italian by Mary Jo Bang, John Ciardi, Jean Hollander, Robert Pinsky, Allen Mandelbaum, John D. Sinclair, or Charles S. Singleton. Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone by Mahmoud Darwish, translated from the Arabic by Jeffrey Sacks. Chronicles of Hell by Michel de Ghelderode, translated from the French by George Hauger. Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated from the Russian by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. 76 National Endowment for the Arts
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August 2014 National Endowment for
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III. “The Myth of the ‘Three Pe
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Introduction Imagine if no one ever
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With all the obstacles translators
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the strictures of communism, parent
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Choosing a Twin Gregory Pardlo The
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important than what her poems “sa
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Work of Purpose, Work of Joy Charle
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fear must have rippled through soci
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Living With Translation Howard Norm
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to us as the notebooks of novelists
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II.
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language of the original text, turn
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the latter occur, Sylvia has the la
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By stretching the Spanish in every
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Page 86 and 87: Notes from Underground by Fyodor Do
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