Medicinal Plants Classification Biosynthesis and ... - Index of

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Jorge Castro-Garza, Delia E. Cruz-Vega and Ma. Teresa González-Garza
Celahin C and salasol A isolated from the root of Microtropis japonica exhibited in vitro
anti-tuberculosis activity, both with an MIC value of 15.0 mg/ml against M. tuberculosis
H37Rv [Chou et al, 2008]. Ursolic acid, squalene and farnesol isolated from Chamaedora
tepejilote hexane extract produced a M. tuberculosis growth inhibition of 99% at a
concentration of 100 µg/mL [Jimenez et al, 2005].
Alkaloids and lactones also show anti-mycobacterial activity: Anti-TB bioassay-directed
fractionation led to the isolation of carbazole alkaloids, as well as the gamma-lactone
derivative of oleic acid, from the CH2Cl2 extract of the stem bark of Micromelum hirsutum.
The lactone derivative of oleic acid, (-)- Z-9-octadecene-4-olide showed potent in vitro anti-
TB activity against H37Rv (MIC: 1.5 µg/mL), and exhibited activity against the Erdman
strain of M. tuberculosis in a J774 mouse macrophage model (EC90: 5.6 µg/mL). The
carbazoles include the new micromeline and known alkaloids: lansine, 3-formylcarbazole,
and 3-formyl-6-methoxycarbazole, had anti-TB MIC values between 14.3 and 42.3 µg/mL
[Ma et al, 2005].
Constituents from the roots of Engelhardia roxburghiana, Engelhardione, 3methoxyjuglone,
and (-)-4-hydroxy-1-tetralone showed antitubercular activities with MIC
values of 3.125, 3.125, and 6.25 microg/mL against three different strains of M. tuberculosis,
and with MIC values of 0.2, 0.2, and 4.0 µg/mL against M. tuberculosis H37Rv [Lin et al,
2005].
Antitubercular bioassay-guided fractionation of the n-hexane and CH2Cl2-soluble
extracts of above-ground biomass and roots of Valeriana laxiflora led to the isolation of a
new lignan (+)-1-hydroxy-2,6-bis- epi-pinoresinol, along with eleven known including
compounds, betulin, betulinic acid, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone, 23hydroxyursolic
acid, oleanolic acid, tricin, and ursolic acid. In a microplate alamar blue assay
against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, compounds exhibited MICs of 15.5 - 127 µg/mL [Gu et
al, 2004].
Kanokmedhakul et al [2003], isolated from the mushroom Scleroderma citrinum the
compound 4,4'-dimethoxyvulpinic acid and two of its derivatives, the dibromo derivative 5
and acetate derivative 6; all of them exhibited inhibitory activity towards M. tuberculosis.
Limmatvapirat et al, [2004] isolated from the aerial parts of Abrus precatorius, a known
isoflavanquinone, the abruquinone B which exhibited antitubercular activity.
From the hexane-soluble fraction of an ethanol extract from leaves and stems of
Stemodia foliosa (Scrophulariaceae), the new stearic acid 4-[(n-pentoxy)phenethyl] ester was
isolated and exhibited antibacterial properties at 10 µg/mL concentration by using disc
diffusion method against the fast-acid bacterium M. fortuitum. [Dantas da Silva et al, 2002].
Cantrell et al [2001] presented a review about reports, up to that year, on plant-derived
terpenoids showing moderate to high activity in in vitro bioassays against M. tuberculosis. In
that review, mono-, sesqui-, di- and triterpenes, and sterols, their structural analogs and
semisynthetic derivatives are discussed, with particular emphasis on the structural features
essential for anti-mycobacterial activity.
There are some well known and characterized compounds from plants extracts that
present relevant activity anti-TB; Luteolin isolated from methanol extracts of Ficus
chlamydocarpa (FCR) and Ficus cordata showed activity against M. tuberculosis exhibiting a
MIC of 4.88 µg/ml (Kuete, 2008). Norditerpenoid 12-demethylmulticauline from Salvia