Biomolecules with Anti-Mycobacterial Activity essential cellular mechanisms for a pathogen like M. tuberculosis: virulence genes function, membrane permeability <strong>and</strong> transport <strong>of</strong> M. tuberculosis as target <strong>of</strong> new drugs. Certainly, we need new drugs, more effective, less toxic, with a shorter therapy scheme <strong>and</strong> also more affordable for undeveloped countries. But, to find a new drug is still just a step to reach the control <strong>of</strong> tuberculosis worldwide. It is also needed an international collaboration to build a better health <strong>and</strong> educational system. It seems we are still behind. References Aguilar-Contreras, A; Camacho-Pulido, JR; Chino-Vargas, S; Jaquez-Ríos, P; López- Villafranco, ME. Plantas <strong>Medicinal</strong>es del Herbario IMSS, su distribución por enfermedades 1st edn. México, D.F.: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 1998. Akihisa, T; Franzblau, SG; Ukiya, M; Okuda; H; Zhang, F; Yasukawa, K; Suzuki, T; Kimura, Y. Antitubercular activity <strong>of</strong> triterpenoids from Asteraceae flowers. Biological <strong>and</strong> Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2005, 28, 158-160. An<strong>and</strong>, PK; Kaul, D; Sharma, M. Green tea polyphenol inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival within human macrophages. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry <strong>and</strong> Cell Biology, 2006, 38, 600-609. Asres, K; Bucar, F; Edelsbrunner, S; Kartnig, T; Höger, G; Thiel, W. Investigations on antimycobacterial activity <strong>of</strong> some Ethiopian medicinal plants. Phytotherapy Research, 2001, 15, 323-326. Bamuamba, K; Gammon, DW; Meyers, P; Dijoux-Franca, MG; Scott, G. Anti-mycobacterial activity <strong>of</strong> five plant species used as traditional medicines in the Western Cape Province (South Africa). Journal <strong>of</strong> Ethnopharmacology, 2008, 117, 385-390. Bapela, NB; Lall, N; Fourie, PB; Franzblau, SG; Van Rensburg, CE. Activity <strong>of</strong> 7methyljuglone in combination with antituberculous drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phytomedicine, 2006, 13, 630–635. Billo, M; Cabalion, P; Waikedre, J; Fourneau, C; Bouttier, S; Hocquemiller, R; Fournet, A. Screening <strong>of</strong> some New Caledonian <strong>and</strong> Vanuatu medicinal plants for antimycobacterial activity. Journal <strong>of</strong> Ethnopharmacology, 2005, 96, 195-200, Caldwell, CG; Franzblau, SG; Suarez, E; Timmermann, BN. Oleanane triterpenes from Junellia tridens. Journal <strong>of</strong> Natural Products, 2000, 63, 611-1614. Camacho-Corona, M; del, R; Ramírez-Cabrera, MA; Santiago, OG; Garza-González, E; Palacios, I de P; Luna-Herrera, J. Activity against drug resistant-tuberculosis strains <strong>of</strong> plants used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis <strong>and</strong> other respiratory diseases. Phytotherapy Research, 2008, 22, 82-85. Cantrell, CL; Rajab, MS; Franzblau, SG; Fischer, NH. Antimycobacterial triterpenes from Melia volkensii. Journal <strong>of</strong> Natural Products, 1999a, 62, 546-548. Cantrell, CL; Rajab, MS; Franzblau, SG; Fronczek, FR; Fischer, NH. Antimycobacterial ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide from Ajuga remota. Planta Medica, 1999b, 65, 732-734. Cantrell, CL; Franzblau; SG, Fischer, NH. Antimycobacterial plant terpenoids. Planta Medica, 2001; 67; 685-94. 197
198 Jorge Castro-Garza, Delia E. Cruz-Vega <strong>and</strong> Ma. Teresa González-Garza CDC. Fact sheet. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB). 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/pubs/tbfactsheets/mdrt.tm Chan, ED; Iseman, MD. Multidrug-resistant <strong>and</strong> extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a review. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 2008, 21, 587-595. Chen, JJ; Peng, CF; Huang, HY; Chen, IS. Benzopyrans, biphenyls <strong>and</strong> xanthones from the root <strong>of</strong> Garcinia linii <strong>and</strong> their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Planta Medica, 2006, 72, 473-477. Chen, JJ; Wu, HM; Peng, CF; Chen, IS; Chu, SD. Seco-abietane diterpenoids, a phenylethanoid derivative, <strong>and</strong> antitubercular constituents from Callicarpa pilosissima, Journal <strong>of</strong> Natural Products, 2009, 72, 223–228. Chou, TH; Chen, IS; Peng, CF; Sung, PJ; Chen, JJ. A new dihydroagar<strong>of</strong>uranoid sesquiterpene <strong>and</strong> antituberculosis constituents from the root <strong>of</strong> Microtropis japonica. Chem Biodivers, 2008, 5, 1412-1418. Cruz-Vega, DE; Verde-Star, MJ; Salinas-González, N; Rosales-Hernández, B; Estrada-García, I; Mendez-Aragón, P; Carranza-Rosales, P; González-Garza, MT; Castro-Garza J. Antimycobacterial activity <strong>of</strong> Juglans regia, Juglans mollis, Carya illinoensis, <strong>and</strong> Bocconia frutescens. Phytotherapy Research, 2008, 22, 557-559. Dantas da Silva, LL; Nascimento, M; Siqueira Silva, DH; Furlan, M; da Silva Bolzani, V. Antibacterial activity <strong>of</strong> a stearic acid derivative from Stemodia foliosa. Planta Medica, 2002, 68, 1137-1139. Encarnación-Dimayuga, R; Agundez-Espinoza, J; García, A; Delgado, G; Molina-Salinas, GM; Said-Fernández, S; Two new cassane-type diterpenes from Calli<strong>and</strong>ra californica with antituberculosis <strong>and</strong> cytotoxic activities. Planta Medica, 2006, 72, 757-61. Espinal, MA; Salfinger, M. Global impact <strong>of</strong> multidrug resistance. In Cole, ST; Eisenach; KD; McMurray, DN; Jacobs Jr, WR. Tuberculosis <strong>and</strong> the tubercule bacillus. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2005, 101-114. Gautam, R; Saklani, A; Sanjay, M; Jachak, SM. Indian medicinal plants as a source <strong>of</strong> antimycobacterial agents. Journal <strong>of</strong> Ethnopharmacology, 2007, 110, 200–234. Garzón, MC; Angée, DY; Llerena, C; Orjela, DL; Victoria, JE. Surveillance <strong>of</strong> Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to antituberculosis drugs. Biomedica, 2008, 28, 319-326. Gibbons, S; Fallah, F; Wright, CW. Cryptolepine hydrochloride: a potent antimycobacterial alkaloid derived from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. Phytotherapy Research, 2003, 17, 434-436. Graham, JG; Pendl<strong>and</strong>, SL; Prause, JL; Dansinger, LH. Antimycobacterial evaluation <strong>of</strong> Peruvian plants. Phytomedicine, 2003, 10, 528-535, Gu, JQ; Wang, Y, Franzblau, SG, Montenegro, G; Yang, D; Timmermann BN. Antitubercular constituents <strong>of</strong> Valeriana laxiflora. Planta Medica, 2004, 70, 509-514. Gutierrez-Lugo, MT; Bewley, CA. Natural products, small molecules, <strong>and</strong> genetics in tuberculosis drug development. Journal <strong>of</strong> Medical Chemistry, 2008, 51, 2606–2612. Hesseling, AC; Cotton, MF; Jennings, T; Whitelaw, A; Johnson, LF; Eley, B; Roux, P; Godfrey-Faussett, P; Schaaf, HS. High incidence <strong>of</strong> tuberculosis among HIV-infected infants: evidence from a South African population-based study highlights the need for improved tuberculosis control strategies. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2009, 48, 108-114.
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, INDUS
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Industrial Biotechnology Shara L. A
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Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science P
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viii Contents Chapter 8 Pharmacolog
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x Alejandro Varela and Jasiah Ibañ
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xii Alejandro Varela and Jasiah Iba
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xiv Alejandro Varela and Jasiah Iba
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In: Medicinal Plants: Classificatio
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Biological Effects of -Carotene acy
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50 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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52 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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54 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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56 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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58 [2] Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara S
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60 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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62 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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68 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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70 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. Mi
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74 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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76 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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PNEUMONOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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80 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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82 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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84 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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88 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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90 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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92 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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94 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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96 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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98 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and And
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100 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and An
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114 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and An
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116 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and An
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118 HO HO HO HO HO HO OH OH M e Me
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120 Me Me OH Me O OH O O OH H Me OH
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122 HO HO HO Aracely E. Chávez-Pi
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124 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and An
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136 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and An
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138 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and An
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140 Hua-Bin Li, Dan Li, Ren-You Gan
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142 Hua-Bin Li, Dan Li, Ren-You Gan
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144 Hua-Bin Li, Dan Li, Ren-You Gan
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248 Sônia Sin Singer Brugiolo, Luc
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250 Sônia Sin Singer Brugiolo, Luc
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252 Sônia Sin Singer Brugiolo, Luc
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254 Sônia Sin Singer Brugiolo, Luc
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256 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn Keyword
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258 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn No addi
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260 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn The rob
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262 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn Validat
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264 Naphthodianthrones C.W. Huck an
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266 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn Figure
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268 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn Figure
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270 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn hierarc
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272 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn [17] Hu
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In: Medicinal Plants Classification
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What is the Future of Phytotherapy?
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In: Medicinal Plants Classification
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Origins Targets Neisseria meningiti
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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316 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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318 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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320 2.7. General Toxicity Tests Phi
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322 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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324 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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326 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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328 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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330 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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332 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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334 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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336 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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338 age-related macular degeneratio
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340 B lymphocytes, 7 babies, 60, 62
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342 cell surface, 229 cellular adhe
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344 cultivation, 75, 76, 83, 85, 14
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346 embryonic stem cells, 47 emotio
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348 gas, xiii, 21, 104, 131, 145, 1
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350 high-performance liquid chromat
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352 institutions, 84 instruments, 2
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354 lung, ix, 1, 6, 16, 17, 22, 23,
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356 mucosa, x, 2, 19, 97, 98, 99, 1
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358 oxidative, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13,
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360 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 10
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362 Reserpine, 328 reservation, 143
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364 SPT, 135 squamous cell carcinom
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366 transcription, 8, 35, 152 trans