Medicinal Plants Classification Biosynthesis and ... - Index of

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Biomolecules with Anti-Mycobacterial Activity multicaulis with a remarkable MIC of 0.46 µg/mL and its C-12 methoxy analog, with a MIC of 5.6 µg/mL [Ulubelen et al, 1997]. Several diterpenoides and triperpertenoides had shown anti-mycobacterial activity; ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide from Ajuga remota with a MIC of 1 µg/mL [Cantrell et al,1999b]. Pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from Sarmienta scandens like zeorin, and isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation showed a MIC of 8 µg/mL [Wachter et al, 1999]. The diterpene (E)-phytol isolated from Lucas volkensii showed potent in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis (MIC 2 µg/mL). In addition, the analogs (Z)-phytol and (3R,S,7R,11R)-phytanol demonstrated MICs of 2 µg/mL, suggesting that the 2,3-double bond may not be essential for bioactivity. However, (E)-phytyl acetate and (E)-phytol methyl ether showed MICs of 16 µg/mL /ml implying that a free hydroxy group, as present in (E)phytol, is required for significant activity [Rajab et al, 1998]. Triterpenoids isolated from the non-saponifiable lipid fraction of the flower extract of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) were tested for their antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Fifteen compounds exhibited the highest activity with a MIC in the range of 4-64 µg/mL, among which were maniladiol (MIC 4 µg/mL), 3-epilupeol (4 µg/mL), and 4,5-alpha-epoxyhelianol (6 µg/mL) [Akihisa et al, 2005]. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH extract of the aerial part of Ruprechtia triflora Griseb. led to the identification of several sterols and a triterpene as the active components against M. tuberculosis. In a microplate alamar blue assay, sterols from R. triflora were found to be active with MIC values ranging from 2 - 128 µg/mL, with 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergost-6,22-dien-3beta-ol, 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxystigmasta-6,22dien-3beta-ol and stigmast-4-en-6beta-ol-3-one being the most active, each with an MIC value of 2 µg/mL. Among the diterpenes from C. pinnifolia, 19-malonyloxydehydroabietinol and 19-methylmalonyloxy- ent-isopimara-8(9),15-diene were most active each with an MIC value of 4 µg/mL. MIC values for the triterpenes 3-epi-ursolic acid and 3-epi-oleanolic acid from C. pinnifolia were determined to be 8 and 16 µg/mL, respectively [Woldemichael et al, 2003]. A similar approach for CH2Cl2/MeOH extraction of the aerial parts of Sapium haematospermum, produced a new pimarane, and a highly oxygenated novel chalconoid, (3 alpha-hydroxyolean-12-ene) and (cycloartanol) which were active against M. tuberculosis with MIC values of 4, 12.2, 13.4, and 8 µg/mL respectively [Woldemichael et al, 2004]. Bioactivity-guided investigations of methanolic extracts of seeds of Melia volkensii resulted in the isolation of two new euphane (20R)-type triterpenoids: 12b-hydroxykulactone and 6beta-hydroxykulactone, both of them are derivatives of kulactone. Another isolated compound was kulonate. Compounds 12b-hydroxykulactone and kulonate had MICs of 16 µg/mL, while 6b-hydroxykulactone was more active with an MIC of 4 µg/mL [Cantrell et al, 1999a]. Constituents isolated from aerial parts of Junellia tridens, 3-Epioleanolic acid and oleanonic acid showed antitubercular activities with MIC values of 16 µg/mL against M. tuberculosis [Caldwell et al, 2000]. Compounds isolated from methanolic extracts of Commiphora mukul, Psoralea corylifolia and Sanguinaria canadensis were found to have antimycobacterial activity against M. aurum only (MIC=62.5 µg/mL). Bioassay guided fractionation led to the isolation of two known benzophenanthridine alkaloids, sanguinarine and chelerythrine from the roots of S. 195
196 Jorge Castro-Garza, Delia E. Cruz-Vega and Ma. Teresa González-Garza canadensis and the known phenolic meroterpene, bakuchiol from the seeds of P. corylifolia. Chelerythrine was the most active against M. aurum and M. smegmatis (IC50=7.30 µg/mL [19.02 µg/mL] and 29.0 µg/mL [75.56 µg/mL], respectively) [Newton et al, 2002]. A crude ethanol extract and hexane fraction from Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) showed antitubercular activity. The major constituents of the hexane fraction were E-phytol (MIC: 32 g/mL), cycloartenol (MIC:
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, INDUS
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Industrial Biotechnology Shara L. A
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Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science P
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viii Contents Chapter 8 Pharmacolog
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x Alejandro Varela and Jasiah Ibañ
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xii Alejandro Varela and Jasiah Iba
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xiv Alejandro Varela and Jasiah Iba
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In: Medicinal Plants: Classificatio
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Biological Effects of -Carotene acy
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Biological Effects of -Carotene cry
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Biological Effects of -Carotene ris
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Biological Effects of -Carotene Whe
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Biological Effects of -Carotene fla
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Biological Effects of -Carotene Pre
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Biological Effects of -Carotene A (
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Biological Effects of -Carotene As
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Biological Effects of -Carotene car
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Biological Effects of -Carotene res
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Biological Effects of -Carotene the
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Biological Effects of -Carotene cat
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Biological Effects of -Carotene mos
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Biological Effects of -Carotene dia
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Biological Effects of -Carotene veg
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Biological Effects of -Carotene .Su
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Biological Effects of -Carotene Bat
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Biological Effects of -Carotene Dah
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Biological Effects of -Carotene Hal
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Biological Effects of -Carotene Kva
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Biological Effects of -Carotene Osh
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Biological Effects of -Carotene San
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Biological Effects of -Carotene Van
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50 Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara Sato
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58 [2] Gustavo J. Martínez, Mara S
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Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. Mi
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PNEUMONOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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98 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and And
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100 Aracely E. Chávez-Piña and An
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118 HO HO HO HO HO HO OH OH M e Me
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120 Me Me OH Me O OH O O OH H Me OH
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122 HO HO HO Aracely E. Chávez-Pi
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140 Hua-Bin Li, Dan Li, Ren-You Gan
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142 Hua-Bin Li, Dan Li, Ren-You Gan
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246 Sônia Sin Singer Brugiolo, Luc
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256 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn Keyword
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258 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn No addi
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260 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn The rob
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262 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn Validat
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264 Naphthodianthrones C.W. Huck an
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266 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn Figure
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268 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn Figure
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270 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn hierarc
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272 C.W. Huck and G.K. Bonn [17] Hu
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In: Medicinal Plants Classification
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What is the Future of Phytotherapy?
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In: Medicinal Plants Classification
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Quality Control of Polysaccharides
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Origins Targets Neisseria meningiti
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316 Philippe N. Okusa, Caroline Ste
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320 2.7. General Toxicity Tests Phi
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338 age-related macular degeneratio
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340 B lymphocytes, 7 babies, 60, 62
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342 cell surface, 229 cellular adhe
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344 cultivation, 75, 76, 83, 85, 14
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346 embryonic stem cells, 47 emotio
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348 gas, xiii, 21, 104, 131, 145, 1
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350 high-performance liquid chromat
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352 institutions, 84 instruments, 2
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354 lung, ix, 1, 6, 16, 17, 22, 23,
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356 mucosa, x, 2, 19, 97, 98, 99, 1
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358 oxidative, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13,
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360 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 10
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362 Reserpine, 328 reservation, 143
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364 SPT, 135 squamous cell carcinom
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366 transcription, 8, 35, 152 trans
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