Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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Beispiel für die langfristige Erhöhung der Plutonium-Ausscheidungsrate im Urin. Zur Bestimmung des aktuellen Status des Falles wurden im Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe umfangreiche in vivo und in vitro Messungen zur Bestimmung der aktuellen Aktivität in den Organen, der Aktivitätsausscheidung in Urin und Stuhl und der aktuellen Aktivitätskonzentration im Blut der betreffenden Person durchgeführt. Die Messungen bestätigten die erhöhte Aktivitätsausscheidung im Urin, die bereits bei früheren Untersuchungen ermittelt wurde. Bei Berücksichtigung der aus der Fehleranalyse gewonnenen Informationen über die individuelle Schwankungsbreite der Modellparameter ist es möglich, die ermittelten Messwerte mit dem optimierten biokinetischen Modell qualitativ und quantitativ zu beschreiben. So kann insbesondere auch die langfristig erhöhte Aktivitätsausscheidung durch geeignete Wahl von personenspezifischen Modellparametern im Rahmen des bei gesunden Personen ermittelten Schwankungsbereichs modelliert werden. iv
1 INDEX OF CONTENTS INDEX OF SYMBOLS ........................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 5 1.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION.................................................................................................... 7 1.2 PLUTONIUM................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Physical characteristics ................................................................................................ 9 1.2.2 Chemical properties ................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Toxicology ................................................................................................................ 13 1.2.4 Uses of Plutonium...................................................................................................... 14 1.3 PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL DOSIMETRY......................................................................... 17 1.3.1 Paths and modes of intake.......................................................................................... 17 1.3.2 Dose assessments ....................................................................................................... 19 1.3.3 Measurement techniques............................................................................................ 21 1.4 THE ICRP 67 MODEL FOR PLUTONIUM ....................................................................... 25 1.4.1 Description of the ICRP 67 model............................................................................. 25 1.4.2 Comments on the ICRP 67 model.............................................................................. 28 Chapter 2 DATA AND MEASUREMENTS.................................................................. 31 2.1 AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON PLUTONIUM METABOLISM ........................................... 33 2.1.1 Experiments on humans ............................................................................................. 34 2.1.1.1 Langham’s study and relating works........................................................... 34 2.1.1.2 Further experimental investigations ........................................................... 35 2.1.2 Empirical curves......................................................................................................... 36 2.1.3 Occupational exposures ............................................................................................. 40 2.2 A DESCRIPTION OF THE CONTAMINATION CASE........................................................... 43 2.2.1 The contamination event............................................................................................ 43 2.2.2 Available measurements ............................................................................................ 44 2.3 ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN ORGANS........................................................................ 47 2.3.1 Basic measurement principles.................................................................................... 47 2.3.1.1 Shielding....................................................................................................... 47 2.3.1.2 Detectors ...................................................................................................... 48 2.3.1.3 Geometry...................................................................................................... 52 2.3.1.4 Energy calibration ....................................................................................... 53 2.3.1.5 Efficiency calibration................................................................................... 55 2.3.1.6 Minimum Detectable Activity....................................................................... 57 2.3.2 Materials and Methods............................................................................................... 59 2.3.2.1 Description of the devices............................................................................ 59 2.3.2.2 Performances ............................................................................................... 63 2.3.2.3 Measurements execution.............................................................................. 67 2.3.3 Results of the measurements...................................................................................... 68 2.4 ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BIOASSAYS ................................................................... 72 2.4.1 Basic measurement principles.................................................................................... 72 2.4.1.1 Sample collection ......................................................................................... 72 2.4.1.2 Sample preparation...................................................................................... 72
Page 1: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der
Page 4 and 5: Für diesen Bericht behalten wir un
Page 7 and 8: i ABSTRACT The biokinetic model pre
Page 9: ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das von der Interna
Page 13 and 14: 3 INDEX OF SYMBOLS Here a short glo
Page 15: Chapter 1 Introduction 5
Page 18 and 19: the duties of the Department for Ra
Page 20 and 21: adionuclide. Therefore only isotope
Page 22 and 23: stabilise the +4 oxidation state [1
Page 24 and 25: techniques adopted in the early pha
Page 26 and 27: present in spent and MOX reactor fu
Page 28 and 29: INTRAVENOUS INJECTION skin WOUND bl
Page 30 and 31: functions, defined as retained and
Page 32 and 33: the contamination event, of such as
Page 34 and 35: Table 1.3.2 Indicative 239 Pu detec
Page 36 and 37: The kinetics of Plutonium in the ki
Page 38 and 39: 1.4.2 COMMENTS ON THE ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 41: Chapter 2 Data and measurements 31
Page 44 and 45: Therefore the radiolysis process, m
Page 46 and 47: Recent technologic developments in
Page 48 and 49: eu(t) = 0.19e −0.272t + 0.023e
Page 50 and 51: function for each of the considered
Page 52 and 53: the minimum detectable activity of
Page 54 and 55: 2.2.2 AVAILABLE MEASUREMENTS Immedi
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2.4 Daily fecal excretion o
Page 58 and 59: elements the spectral distribution
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The phoswich detector is based on t
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HPGe crystals are produced in cylin
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This quantity is normally expressed
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The peak is located in the region B
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To introduce the second quantity, t
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117 cm 3 h -1 for the incoming and
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Figure 2.3.8 The Lawrence Livermore
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three detectors are used. Two detec
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Table 2.3.4 Efficiency factors of p
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• the necessity of performing mea
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Table 2.3.7 Impulses in the measure
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2.4 ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BIOASS
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If more then one radionuclide is ma
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L A is the air layer in µgcm -2 ;
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The electrodeposition cell used for
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Table 2.4.1 238 Pu, 239 Pu and 241
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3.1.1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 3.1.1.1 So
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calculating the amount of Plutonium
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3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ICRP 67 MODEL
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empirical curves given by Langham,
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the worst performance of the group.
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leave the total clearance from the
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Figure 3.1.4 shows that the use of
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3.1.3 MODIFICATION OF ICRP 67 MODEL
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The structure of Polig’s skeleton
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Percentage daily urinary excretion
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of 0.693d -1 . The values of the F
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the basis of all the reference data
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Table 3.1.10 Transfer rates of the
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3.1.4 VERIFICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED
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Table 3.1.13 Intakes and percentage
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soft tissue ST2 soft tissue ST0 sof
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For the routine application of Mode
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excreted by individuals aged sixty
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Table 3.1.20 Exponents and coeffici
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tract [57] to consider a contaminat
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The sensitivity coefficients for th
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Sensitivity coefficients S i Figure
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transfer rates on the Plutonium uri
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Geometric standard deviations rangi
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3.2 APPLICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED MO
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lymph nodes, as in the LLNL phantom
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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Daily urinary excretion [Bqd -1 ] 1
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long time is not yet described by t
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excretion that is one of the main i
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The comparison of model’s predict
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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153 CONCLUSIONS The optimized model
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Annex Quantities used in Radiologic
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present. As the radiation weighting
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w R is the radiation weighting fact
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161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Plutonium. W. K
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29. Nenot, J.-C. and Stather, J. W.
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55. International Atomic Energy Age
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81. Crowley, J., Lanz, H., Scott, K
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107. Hempelmann, L.H., Langham,W.H.
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137. Breitestein, B.D., Newton, C.E
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167. Harrison, J.D., Khursheed, A.,
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JOURNALS OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED T
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177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks
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Name: Andrea Luciani Date and place
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Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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