Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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Table 1.3.2 Indicative 239 Pu detection limits for in vivo and in vitro techniques. In vivo measurements 24 In vitro measurements Technique X-ray spectrometry α-spectrometry organ or sample lung urine feces typical detection limits [52] 2000 Bq 0.001 Bql -1 0.001 Bq detection limit of a real whole body counter [67] 17.0 and 20.4 keV x-rays from pure 239 Pu 59.5 keV 241 Am tag with 15:1 239 Pu/ 241 Am ratio 59.5 keV 241 Am tag with 5:1 239 Pu/ 241 Am ratio 3000 Bq n.a. 90 Bq n.a. 33 Bq n.a. Table 1.3.3 Expected 239 Pu in lung and bioassay samples at four time intervals after intake and for different scenarios of contamination. An intake giving an effective dose of 20 mSvy -1 was assumed. Scenario of intake Organ Time [d] or sample 10 [d] 180 [d] 1 [y] 10 [y] Inhalation absorption type M lung [Bq] 31 8.0 2.5 < urine [Bql -1 ] 0.0094 0.0034 0.0024 0.00069 feces [Bq] 0.36 0.011 0.0034 0.00028 absorption type S lung [Bq] 140 77 65 8.2 Ingestion urine [Bql -1 ] 0.00053 0.00039 0.00040 0.00029 feces [Bq] 1.6 0.089 0.053 0.0021 f 1 = 5.0•10 -4 urine [Bql -1 ] 0.014 0.0028 0.0020 0.00072 feces [Bq] 18 0.0014 0.0010 0.00028 f 1 = 1.0•10 -4 urine [Bql -1 ] 0.014 0.0031 0.0018 0.00068 feces [Bq] 83 0.0013 0.0010 0.00026 f 1 = 1.0•10 -5 urine [Bql -1 ] 0.008 0.0017 0.0012 0.00044 feces [Bq] 490 0.00076 0.00062 0.00017
1.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE ICRP 67 MODEL 1.4 THE ICRP 67 MODEL FOR PLUTONIUM The most recent and updated biokinetic model for Plutonium was presented in 1994 [74]. This model can also describe the metabolism of Americium and Neptunium with some modifications. It was developed from a previous model [75] with two main goals: 1. To introduce specific pathways for the urinary excretion in order to evaluate the effective dose to the urinary bladder, explicitly considered in the ICRP’s new list of tissue weighting factors [26]; 2. To implement the new information on the biokinetics of Plutonium in soft tissue that seems to suggest a greater retention of Plutonium in soft tissues at long times after exposure than thought previously. The model is depicted in Figure 1.4.1. The compartments of the gastrointestinal tract affected in case of a systemic contamination are also given. The systemic model for Plutonium biokinetics is characterized by a mamillary compartmental structure with a “central” compartment, the blood, connected to all the other organs and tissues: Liver, soft tissues, skeleton, gonads, kidneys and the urinary bladder. Each organ or tissue is represented by one or more compartments. Except for the urinary bladder, all the compartments represent the kinetics of Plutonium, once it is absorbed in the tissues. The urinary bladder compartment instead represents an empty organ and is used here to describe the kinetics of Plutonium in the content of the organ, i.e. the urine. The general structure was derived from an age-specific biokinetic model for Americium developed in the early nineties [76]. A second liver compartment was added for Plutonium. It was introduced mainly on kinetic rather than biological reasons in order to represent better the long-term retention of Plutonium in the liver. From a physiological point of view, this second liver compartment can be associated to the reticulo-endothelial system. The activity from the blood is transferred to the first liver compartment that represents the short-time hepatic retention. From there the activity is removed to both the gastrointestinal tract via biliary excretion and to the second liver compartment . The second liver compartment clears to the blood. The kinetics of Plutonium in the soft tissues is modelled using three compartments, ST0, ST1 and ST2. The first, a soft tissue pool including also extracellular fluids and the fast exchange of Plutonium with blood, represents the early build-up and clearance of material in soft tissues. The compartments ST1 and ST2 are used to describe the intermediate (up to 2 years) and long term retention (many years), respectively, in those solid soft tissues such as muscle, skin, subcutaneous fat etc., not explicitly represented in the model. The skeleton is represented by separate cortical and trabecular parts. In each part Plutonium kinetics is described using three compartments: Bone surfaces, bone volume and bone marrow. The activity first reaches the bone surface and then is subsequently transferred to bone marrow by bone resorption and to bone volume by bone formation. The activity in the bone volume is also transferred to bone marrow by resorption processes. From the bone marrow the activity reaches the blood, where then it is again re-distributed among all the organs and tissues. The gonads compartment is used to describe the kinetics of Plutonium in testes (male subjects) and ovaries (female subjects). The activity from blood is transferred to the gonads with gender specific transfer rates, while it is removed from the gonads with the same rate for male and female. 25
Page 1: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der
Page 4 and 5: Für diesen Bericht behalten wir un
Page 7 and 8: i ABSTRACT The biokinetic model pre
Page 9 and 10: ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das von der Interna
Page 11 and 12: 1 INDEX OF CONTENTS INDEX OF SYMBOL
Page 13 and 14: 3 INDEX OF SYMBOLS Here a short glo
Page 15: Chapter 1 Introduction 5
Page 18 and 19: the duties of the Department for Ra
Page 20 and 21: adionuclide. Therefore only isotope
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Page 24 and 25: techniques adopted in the early pha
Page 26 and 27: present in spent and MOX reactor fu
Page 28 and 29: INTRAVENOUS INJECTION skin WOUND bl
Page 30 and 31: functions, defined as retained and
Page 32 and 33: the contamination event, of such as
Page 36 and 37: The kinetics of Plutonium in the ki
Page 38 and 39: 1.4.2 COMMENTS ON THE ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 41: Chapter 2 Data and measurements 31
Page 44 and 45: Therefore the radiolysis process, m
Page 46 and 47: Recent technologic developments in
Page 48 and 49: eu(t) = 0.19e −0.272t + 0.023e
Page 50 and 51: function for each of the considered
Page 52 and 53: the minimum detectable activity of
Page 54 and 55: 2.2.2 AVAILABLE MEASUREMENTS Immedi
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2.4 Daily fecal excretion o
Page 58 and 59: elements the spectral distribution
Page 60 and 61: The phoswich detector is based on t
Page 62 and 63: HPGe crystals are produced in cylin
Page 64 and 65: This quantity is normally expressed
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Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.3.8 The Lawrence Livermore
Page 74 and 75: three detectors are used. Two detec
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Page 80 and 81: Table 2.3.7 Impulses in the measure
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If more then one radionuclide is ma
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L A is the air layer in µgcm -2 ;
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The electrodeposition cell used for
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Table 2.4.1 238 Pu, 239 Pu and 241
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3.1.1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 3.1.1.1 So
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calculating the amount of Plutonium
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3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ICRP 67 MODEL
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empirical curves given by Langham,
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the worst performance of the group.
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leave the total clearance from the
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Figure 3.1.4 shows that the use of
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3.1.3 MODIFICATION OF ICRP 67 MODEL
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The structure of Polig’s skeleton
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Percentage daily urinary excretion
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of 0.693d -1 . The values of the F
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the basis of all the reference data
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Table 3.1.10 Transfer rates of the
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3.1.4 VERIFICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED
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Table 3.1.13 Intakes and percentage
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soft tissue ST2 soft tissue ST0 sof
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For the routine application of Mode
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excreted by individuals aged sixty
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Table 3.1.20 Exponents and coeffici
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tract [57] to consider a contaminat
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The sensitivity coefficients for th
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Sensitivity coefficients S i Figure
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transfer rates on the Plutonium uri
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Geometric standard deviations rangi
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3.2 APPLICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED MO
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lymph nodes, as in the LLNL phantom
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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Daily urinary excretion [Bqd -1 ] 1
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long time is not yet described by t
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excretion that is one of the main i
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The comparison of model’s predict
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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153 CONCLUSIONS The optimized model
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Annex Quantities used in Radiologic
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present. As the radiation weighting
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w R is the radiation weighting fact
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161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Plutonium. W. K
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29. Nenot, J.-C. and Stather, J. W.
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55. International Atomic Energy Age
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81. Crowley, J., Lanz, H., Scott, K
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107. Hempelmann, L.H., Langham,W.H.
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137. Breitestein, B.D., Newton, C.E
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167. Harrison, J.D., Khursheed, A.,
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JOURNALS OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED T
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177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks
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Name: Andrea Luciani Date and place
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Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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