Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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The electrodeposition cell used for the production of suitable samples for the following spectroscopy analysis is shown in Figure 2.4.2. It is also shown the planchet over which the sample is electrodeposited and counted in the alpha spectroscopy phase. The alpha spectrometry was carried out with ion implanted silicon detectors as shown in Figure 2.4.3. The entrance contact is an extremely thin boron implantation. The planchet is placed on the support and the detector is placed over the planchet. All these components are then located in the vacuum chamber for the spectrum acquisition. planchet Figure 2.4.2 The main constituents of the electrodeposition cell. The planchet where the sample is electrodeposited is also shown. detector support a b Figure 2.4.3 The ion implanted silicon detector with the support (a) and the vacuum chambers where they are located with the sample for the measurement (b). 78
2.4.2.2 Performances The energy calibration of the alpha detectors was carried out using standard sources containing 233 U, 239 Pu, 241 Am and 244 Cm. The FWHM of the detectors used in the laboratory is about 17 keV for 241 Am (energy resolution about 0.3 %). In the practical situations the FWHM and therefore the energy resolution depend on the thickness of the deposit on the planchet: 30- 35 keV may be considered as an indicative value of FWHM for most of the actual measurement conditions [151]. At the present the routine measurements performed at the FZK Toxicological Laboratory are not able to discriminate 239 Pu from 240 Pu. Thus, efficiency factors and, consequently, activity measurements on such radioisotopes relate to the sum of their contributions. Efficiency calibration is normally carried out using standard sources of 241 Am of 523 Bq activity certified at 14.7.1989. The FZK Toxicological Laboratory provides a value of 5•10 -4 Bq for the MDA for each radionuclide. The value refers to the whole bioassay laboratory equipped with numerous alpha spectrometric chains: therefore it can be considered as an indication of the general performances of the laboratory. 2.4.2.3 Measurements execution A blood sample was taken from the subject in the period of staying in the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Three urine and feces samples were collected by the subject himself in the following days after the return to his residence town. Therefore he was provided with the proper vials and instructed on how to handle them. The samples were sent by post to Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. The sample collection protocol was set in order to collect samples relating to the whole excretion. As the samples were received, they were undergone to chemical preparation in order to detect isotopes of Plutonium and Americium. Therefore for each collected sample the separation procedure has provided two further samples, according to the block diagram of Figure 2.4.1: one containing Plutonium isotopes, and the other one containing Americium. On these samples alpha spectrometry was carried out by including them in the routine measurement programme daily carried out by the FZK Toxicological Laboratory on samples from the occupationally exposed workers. 2.4.3 RESULTS OF THE MEASUREMENTS The results of the measurements for the collected blood, urine and feces samples are given in Table 2.4.1 [151]. As previously stated the activity measurements on 239 Pu and 240 Pu radioisotopes relate to the sum of their contributions. The activity in blood samples resulted lower then the MDA for 238 Pu and 241 Am. For all the other kind of measurements ( 239 Pu+ 240 Pu in blood and any radioisotopes in urine and feces samples) the activity values resulted to be higher than the MDA. 79
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Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der
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Für diesen Bericht behalten wir un
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i ABSTRACT The biokinetic model pre
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das von der Interna
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1 INDEX OF CONTENTS INDEX OF SYMBOL
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3 INDEX OF SYMBOLS Here a short glo
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Chapter 1 Introduction 5
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the duties of the Department for Ra
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adionuclide. Therefore only isotope
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stabilise the +4 oxidation state [1
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techniques adopted in the early pha
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present in spent and MOX reactor fu
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INTRAVENOUS INJECTION skin WOUND bl
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functions, defined as retained and
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the contamination event, of such as
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Table 1.3.2 Indicative 239 Pu detec
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The kinetics of Plutonium in the ki
Page 38 and 39: 1.4.2 COMMENTS ON THE ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 41: Chapter 2 Data and measurements 31
Page 44 and 45: Therefore the radiolysis process, m
Page 46 and 47: Recent technologic developments in
Page 48 and 49: eu(t) = 0.19e −0.272t + 0.023e
Page 50 and 51: function for each of the considered
Page 52 and 53: the minimum detectable activity of
Page 54 and 55: 2.2.2 AVAILABLE MEASUREMENTS Immedi
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2.4 Daily fecal excretion o
Page 58 and 59: elements the spectral distribution
Page 60 and 61: The phoswich detector is based on t
Page 62 and 63: HPGe crystals are produced in cylin
Page 64 and 65: This quantity is normally expressed
Page 66 and 67: The peak is located in the region B
Page 68 and 69: To introduce the second quantity, t
Page 70 and 71: 117 cm 3 h -1 for the incoming and
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.3.8 The Lawrence Livermore
Page 74 and 75: three detectors are used. Two detec
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.3.4 Efficiency factors of p
Page 78 and 79: • the necessity of performing mea
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.3.7 Impulses in the measure
Page 82 and 83: 2.4 ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BIOASS
Page 84 and 85: If more then one radionuclide is ma
Page 86 and 87: L A is the air layer in µgcm -2 ;
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.4.1 238 Pu, 239 Pu and 241
Page 93 and 94: 3.1.1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 3.1.1.1 So
Page 95 and 96: calculating the amount of Plutonium
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 99 and 100: empirical curves given by Langham,
Page 101 and 102: the worst performance of the group.
Page 103 and 104: leave the total clearance from the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 3.1.4 shows that the use of
Page 107 and 108: 3.1.3 MODIFICATION OF ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 109 and 110: The structure of Polig’s skeleton
Page 111 and 112: Percentage daily urinary excretion
Page 113 and 114: of 0.693d -1 . The values of the F
Page 115 and 116: Percentage daily urinary excretion
Page 117 and 118: the basis of all the reference data
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.1.10 Transfer rates of the
Page 121 and 122: 3.1.4 VERIFICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.1.13 Intakes and percentage
Page 125 and 126: soft tissue ST2 soft tissue ST0 sof
Page 127 and 128: For the routine application of Mode
Page 129 and 130: excreted by individuals aged sixty
Page 131 and 132: Table 3.1.20 Exponents and coeffici
Page 133 and 134: tract [57] to consider a contaminat
Page 135 and 136: The sensitivity coefficients for th
Page 137 and 138: Sensitivity coefficients S i Figure
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transfer rates on the Plutonium uri
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Geometric standard deviations rangi
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Percentage daily urinary excretion
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Percentage daily urinary excretion
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3.2 APPLICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED MO
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lymph nodes, as in the LLNL phantom
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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Daily urinary excretion [Bqd -1 ] 1
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long time is not yet described by t
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excretion that is one of the main i
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The comparison of model’s predict
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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153 CONCLUSIONS The optimized model
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Annex Quantities used in Radiologic
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present. As the radiation weighting
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w R is the radiation weighting fact
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161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Plutonium. W. K
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29. Nenot, J.-C. and Stather, J. W.
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55. International Atomic Energy Age
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81. Crowley, J., Lanz, H., Scott, K
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107. Hempelmann, L.H., Langham,W.H.
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137. Breitestein, B.D., Newton, C.E
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167. Harrison, J.D., Khursheed, A.,
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JOURNALS OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED T
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177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks
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Name: Andrea Luciani Date and place
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Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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