Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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adionuclide. Therefore only isotopes with long halftimes are likely to be found, such as 244 Pu, that was found in the rare-earth mineral bastnasite [6]. At present 20 isotopes are known, from N = 228 to N = 247, but only for 17 isotopes, from N = 231 to N = 247, the halftimes are known [7]. In Table 1.2.1 the physical characteristics of the most important Plutonium isotopes with their respective halftime, type of decay and specific activity are given. Most of the Plutonium isotopes are unstable to alpha emission [8]. Alpha decays energies are frequently used to identify heavy nuclei. However some Plutonium isotopes can be hardly distinguished with current energy analysis. For example the main alpha transitions of 239 Pu, one of the most important isotopes for industrial application, have alpha-energies close to those of 240 Pu. So it is extremely difficult to separate these two isotopes by alpha- spectrometry. Other isotopes with N = 241, 243 and from 245 to 247 are unstable to beta decay. 241 Pu also decays by alpha emission, but the alpha halftime is around 40,000 times that of the betas. Spontaneous fission can also occur with different probabilities for Plutonium isotopes, with even N values from 236 to 244 and for the odd atomic mass number 239. For other radioisotopes such decay is less significant. Among all these radioisotopes the most common and extensively used is 239 Pu. Its complete decay scheme is given in Figure 1.2.1 [9]. Table 1.2.1 Physical characteristics of major Plutonium isotopes (only the main emissions are given). Isotopes Half time [years] Type of decay, (yield [%] - energy [Mev]) 238 Pu 87.74 α (71.6 - 5.499) (28.3 - 5.456) sf (a) 239 Pu 2.410 • 10 4 α (73.8 - 5.157) (15.2 - 5.144) (10.7 - 5.105) sf (a) 240 Pu 6563 α (73.4 - 5.168) (26.5 - 5.124) sf (a) 241 Pu 14.35 β (100 - 0.02 (b) ) α (2.04 10 -3 - 4.897) (a) spontaneous fission. (b) maximum energy. 10 Specific activity [Bqg -1 ] 6.34•10 11 2.30•10 9 8.40•10 9 3.83•10 12
Legenda i, i: alpha particles (or gamma rays) where i is a sequential index ordered according to increasing alpha-particle (or gamma rays) energy; nuclear spin and energy levels are also given. Figure 1.2.1 Decay scheme of 239 Pu. 1.2.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A wide range of possible oxidation states characterizes many elements of the actinides series. Particularly Plutonium exhibits all oxidation states from three (Pu(III)) to seven (Pu(VII)) [10]. All the oxidation states from three to six can co-exist in the same aqueous solution [10, 11]. In mammalian fluids, such as blood plasma, lung fluids, bile, urine and in tissues liquids, the Pu(IV) oxidation state is predominant, because most endogenous ligands 11
Page 1: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der
Page 4 and 5: Für diesen Bericht behalten wir un
Page 7 and 8: i ABSTRACT The biokinetic model pre
Page 9 and 10: ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das von der Interna
Page 11 and 12: 1 INDEX OF CONTENTS INDEX OF SYMBOL
Page 13 and 14: 3 INDEX OF SYMBOLS Here a short glo
Page 15: Chapter 1 Introduction 5
Page 18 and 19: the duties of the Department for Ra
Page 22 and 23: stabilise the +4 oxidation state [1
Page 24 and 25: techniques adopted in the early pha
Page 26 and 27: present in spent and MOX reactor fu
Page 28 and 29: INTRAVENOUS INJECTION skin WOUND bl
Page 30 and 31: functions, defined as retained and
Page 32 and 33: the contamination event, of such as
Page 34 and 35: Table 1.3.2 Indicative 239 Pu detec
Page 36 and 37: The kinetics of Plutonium in the ki
Page 38 and 39: 1.4.2 COMMENTS ON THE ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 41: Chapter 2 Data and measurements 31
Page 44 and 45: Therefore the radiolysis process, m
Page 46 and 47: Recent technologic developments in
Page 48 and 49: eu(t) = 0.19e −0.272t + 0.023e
Page 50 and 51: function for each of the considered
Page 52 and 53: the minimum detectable activity of
Page 54 and 55: 2.2.2 AVAILABLE MEASUREMENTS Immedi
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2.4 Daily fecal excretion o
Page 58 and 59: elements the spectral distribution
Page 60 and 61: The phoswich detector is based on t
Page 62 and 63: HPGe crystals are produced in cylin
Page 64 and 65: This quantity is normally expressed
Page 66 and 67: The peak is located in the region B
Page 68 and 69: To introduce the second quantity, t
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117 cm 3 h -1 for the incoming and
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Figure 2.3.8 The Lawrence Livermore
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three detectors are used. Two detec
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Table 2.3.4 Efficiency factors of p
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• the necessity of performing mea
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Table 2.3.7 Impulses in the measure
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2.4 ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BIOASS
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If more then one radionuclide is ma
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L A is the air layer in µgcm -2 ;
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The electrodeposition cell used for
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Table 2.4.1 238 Pu, 239 Pu and 241
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3.1.1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 3.1.1.1 So
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calculating the amount of Plutonium
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3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ICRP 67 MODEL
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empirical curves given by Langham,
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the worst performance of the group.
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leave the total clearance from the
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Figure 3.1.4 shows that the use of
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3.1.3 MODIFICATION OF ICRP 67 MODEL
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The structure of Polig’s skeleton
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Percentage daily urinary excretion
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of 0.693d -1 . The values of the F
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the basis of all the reference data
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Table 3.1.10 Transfer rates of the
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3.1.4 VERIFICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED
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Table 3.1.13 Intakes and percentage
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soft tissue ST2 soft tissue ST0 sof
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For the routine application of Mode
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excreted by individuals aged sixty
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Table 3.1.20 Exponents and coeffici
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tract [57] to consider a contaminat
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The sensitivity coefficients for th
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Sensitivity coefficients S i Figure
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transfer rates on the Plutonium uri
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Geometric standard deviations rangi
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3.2 APPLICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED MO
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lymph nodes, as in the LLNL phantom
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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Daily urinary excretion [Bqd -1 ] 1
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long time is not yet described by t
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excretion that is one of the main i
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The comparison of model’s predict
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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153 CONCLUSIONS The optimized model
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Annex Quantities used in Radiologic
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present. As the radiation weighting
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w R is the radiation weighting fact
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161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Plutonium. W. K
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29. Nenot, J.-C. and Stather, J. W.
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55. International Atomic Energy Age
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81. Crowley, J., Lanz, H., Scott, K
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107. Hempelmann, L.H., Langham,W.H.
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137. Breitestein, B.D., Newton, C.E
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167. Harrison, J.D., Khursheed, A.,
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JOURNALS OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED T
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177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks
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Name: Andrea Luciani Date and place
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Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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