Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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to be specified at a point but it is normally used to express the average dose absorbed by an organ or a tissue: where ε T is the average dose absorbed by the organ or tissue of m T. 156 equation A.2 The probability of occurrence of stochastic effects depends linearly on the absorbed dose over the low dose range. The dose response relationship is not linear for deterministic effects; therefore the absorbed dose is not indicative of the severity of such effects, unless the dose is uniformly absorbed over the organ or tissue of interest. However the probability of stochastic effects depends not only on the absorbed dose, but also on the type and energy of the radiation causing delivering the dose to the biological matter. In order to take into account of this effect radiation weighting factors, w R, have been set up. The radiation weighting factors are given in Table A.1. Table A.1 Radiation weighting factors. D T = T m T Type and energy range Radiation weighting factor, w R Photons, all energies 1 Electrons and muons, all energies 1 Neutrons, energy E n < 10 keV 5 10 keV ≤ E n < 100 keV 10 100 keV ≤ E n < 2 MeV 20 2 MeV ≤ E n < 20 MeV 10 E n ≥ 20 MeV 5 Protons, other then recoil protons, energy > 2 MeV 5 Alpha particles, fission fragments, heavy nuclei 20 The absorbed dose weighted by the radiation weighting factors is called equivalent dose and it is expressed as following: HT = ∑wR DT , R R equation A.3 where D T,R is the absorbed dose averaged over a tissue or organ T due to the radiation R and w R is the relating radiation weighting factor. The summation is introduced in order to account of a radiation field where particles of types and energy with different radiation weighting factors are
present. As the radiation weighting factors are dimensionless, the SI unit for the equivalent dose is still J kg -1 , as the absorbed dose. The special name for this quantity is “sievert” (Sv). The probability of occurring stochastic effects relating to the absorption of a certain equivalent dose is however depending on the specific irradiated organ or tissue as well. Therefore the equivalent dose is corrected in order to obtain a quantity better correlated to the probability of stochastic effects. The factor by which the equivalent dose absorbed by an organ or a tissue T is weighted is called tissue weighting factor, w T, and the resulting quantity is called effective dose, E, expressed as following: The effective dose can be easily expressed in terms of absorbed dose: 157 equation A.4 equation A.5 As the tissue weighting factors are dimensionless, the SI unit for the effective dose is still J kg -1 , as the absorbed dose and its special name is still sievert (Sv). The values of the tissue weighting factors represents the proportion of the detriment from stochastic effects resulting from tissues to the total detriment from stochastic effects when the body is irradiated uniformly. The tissue weighting factors recommended by ICRP are given in Table A.2. Table A.2 Tissue weighting factors. E = ∑wT HT T ∑ = ∑wT T R E = w T H T T ∑ w R D T , R Tissue or organs Tissue weighting factor, w T Gonads 0.20 Bone marrow 0.12 Colon 0.12 Lung 0.12 Stomach 0.12 Bladder 0.05 Breast 0.05 Liver 0.05 Oesophagus 0.05 Thyroid 0.05 Bone surface 0.01 Skin 0.01 Remainder 0.05
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Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der
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Für diesen Bericht behalten wir un
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i ABSTRACT The biokinetic model pre
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das von der Interna
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1 INDEX OF CONTENTS INDEX OF SYMBOL
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3 INDEX OF SYMBOLS Here a short glo
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Chapter 1 Introduction 5
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the duties of the Department for Ra
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adionuclide. Therefore only isotope
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stabilise the +4 oxidation state [1
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techniques adopted in the early pha
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present in spent and MOX reactor fu
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INTRAVENOUS INJECTION skin WOUND bl
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functions, defined as retained and
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the contamination event, of such as
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Table 1.3.2 Indicative 239 Pu detec
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The kinetics of Plutonium in the ki
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1.4.2 COMMENTS ON THE ICRP 67 MODEL
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Chapter 2 Data and measurements 31
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Therefore the radiolysis process, m
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Recent technologic developments in
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eu(t) = 0.19e −0.272t + 0.023e
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function for each of the considered
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the minimum detectable activity of
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2.2.2 AVAILABLE MEASUREMENTS Immedi
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Table 2.2.4 Daily fecal excretion o
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elements the spectral distribution
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The phoswich detector is based on t
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HPGe crystals are produced in cylin
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This quantity is normally expressed
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The peak is located in the region B
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To introduce the second quantity, t
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117 cm 3 h -1 for the incoming and
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Figure 2.3.8 The Lawrence Livermore
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three detectors are used. Two detec
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Table 2.3.4 Efficiency factors of p
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• the necessity of performing mea
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Table 2.3.7 Impulses in the measure
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2.4 ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BIOASS
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If more then one radionuclide is ma
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L A is the air layer in µgcm -2 ;
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The electrodeposition cell used for
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Table 2.4.1 238 Pu, 239 Pu and 241
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3.1.1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 3.1.1.1 So
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calculating the amount of Plutonium
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3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ICRP 67 MODEL
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empirical curves given by Langham,
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the worst performance of the group.
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leave the total clearance from the
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Figure 3.1.4 shows that the use of
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3.1.3 MODIFICATION OF ICRP 67 MODEL
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The structure of Polig’s skeleton
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Percentage daily urinary excretion
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of 0.693d -1 . The values of the F
Page 115 and 116: Percentage daily urinary excretion
Page 117 and 118: the basis of all the reference data
Page 119 and 120: Table 3.1.10 Transfer rates of the
Page 121 and 122: 3.1.4 VERIFICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.1.13 Intakes and percentage
Page 125 and 126: soft tissue ST2 soft tissue ST0 sof
Page 127 and 128: For the routine application of Mode
Page 129 and 130: excreted by individuals aged sixty
Page 131 and 132: Table 3.1.20 Exponents and coeffici
Page 133 and 134: tract [57] to consider a contaminat
Page 135 and 136: The sensitivity coefficients for th
Page 137 and 138: Sensitivity coefficients S i Figure
Page 139 and 140: transfer rates on the Plutonium uri
Page 141 and 142: Geometric standard deviations rangi
Page 147 and 148: 3.2 APPLICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED MO
Page 149 and 150: lymph nodes, as in the LLNL phantom
Page 151 and 152: Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
Page 153 and 154: Daily urinary excretion [Bqd -1 ] 1
Page 155 and 156: long time is not yet described by t
Page 157 and 158: excretion that is one of the main i
Page 159 and 160: The comparison of model’s predict
Page 161 and 162: Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
Page 163 and 164: 153 CONCLUSIONS The optimized model
Page 165: Annex Quantities used in Radiologic
Page 169 and 170: w R is the radiation weighting fact
Page 171 and 172: 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Plutonium. W. K
Page 173 and 174: 29. Nenot, J.-C. and Stather, J. W.
Page 175 and 176: 55. International Atomic Energy Age
Page 177 and 178: 81. Crowley, J., Lanz, H., Scott, K
Page 179 and 180: 107. Hempelmann, L.H., Langham,W.H.
Page 181 and 182: 137. Breitestein, B.D., Newton, C.E
Page 183 and 184: 167. Harrison, J.D., Khursheed, A.,
Page 185 and 186: JOURNALS OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED T
Page 187 and 188: 177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks
Page 189 and 190: Name: Andrea Luciani Date and place
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Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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