Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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Table 3.1.11 A summary of the main characteristics of the models introduced and discussed in the present paragraph. Model Main characteristics ICRP67 Model from ICRP Publication N. 67 ICRP67-a ICRP67 model but without the transfer of activity from ST1 soft tissue to urinary bladder content ICRP67-a-Polig ICRP 67-a model with Polig’s skeletal model ICRP67-a-Polig-ST0 ICRP67-a-Polig model with corrected transfer rate from ST0 soft tissue to blood Model-a ICRP67-a-Polig-ST0 model with optmized urinary excretion transfer rates Model-b Final optimized model 110
3.1.4 VERIFICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED MODEL (MODEL-B) The cases of contamination of professionally exposed subjects presented in the paragraph 2.1.3 are here used to test the optimized model (Model-b). This is the occasion to compare it to the ICRP 67 model using the data from some real cases of contamination whose intakes usually do not occur directly to the blood, as for the subjects by which the models were compared and the optimized model developed, but commonly via inhalation. The necessity of modelling the kinetics of the radionuclide in physiological systems with a larger number of organs and therefore of compartiments, as those involved in a non-systemic contamination via inhalation, will generally smooth the differences in the Plutonium biokinetics predicted by the two systemic models. The two models were compared using the F function target. For each model the intake I that minimize the F was calculated first. In the expression of F the model data x(t i) is given by the product I • e u(t i) where I is the intake and e u(ti) is the fractional urinary excretion of Plutonium at t i predicted by the model. Therefore the F target function was expressed as: F = n ∑ i=1 ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ d(t i)−I•e u(t i ) I • e u (t i ) 111 equation 3.1.7 The term d(t i) represents the measured urinary excretion data and n is the number of data. The urinary excretion curves predicted by the optimized model were evaluated considering the actual age of the considered subject, owing to the age dependent bone remodelling rates. After the calculation of the best estimation of I that minimizes the F target function for each model, the resulting values of F were compared to evaluate the agreement of models with the urinary excretion data. In Table 3.1.12 the ratio of the F values calculated with the Model-b and ICRP 67 for all the standard absorption types (M and S) and AMADs (1 and 5 µm) are presented in the last four columns. First of all it can be seen that the differences between the values of F are small and the resulting ratios are very close to one. This indicates that Model-b estimates the urinary excretion at least as well as ICRP 67, but avoids the unphysiological assumptions that were already commented. Some systematic trends in F suggest further deliberations. The Model-b seems to fit better (F-ratio is slightly but systematically less than one) than the ICRP 67 model and this is particularly important for those cases with a large number of measurements. Only for two cases (10 and 18), with a smaller number of useful excretion data, does the ICRP 67 model yield a better fit than the Model-b. A close look at the data from these two cases reveals that some anomalous initial values of urinary excretion (5 times greater than the average of the values for the samples collected in the two previous and following periods) exist. Omitting just one of these outliers results in a better fit of the Model-b, than for ICRP 67. The previous considerations are generally valid for both the absoprtion types and the AMAD values. ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ 2 ⎥
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Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der
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Für diesen Bericht behalten wir un
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i ABSTRACT The biokinetic model pre
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das von der Interna
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1 INDEX OF CONTENTS INDEX OF SYMBOL
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3 INDEX OF SYMBOLS Here a short glo
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Chapter 1 Introduction 5
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the duties of the Department for Ra
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adionuclide. Therefore only isotope
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stabilise the +4 oxidation state [1
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techniques adopted in the early pha
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present in spent and MOX reactor fu
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INTRAVENOUS INJECTION skin WOUND bl
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functions, defined as retained and
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the contamination event, of such as
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Table 1.3.2 Indicative 239 Pu detec
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The kinetics of Plutonium in the ki
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1.4.2 COMMENTS ON THE ICRP 67 MODEL
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Chapter 2 Data and measurements 31
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Therefore the radiolysis process, m
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Recent technologic developments in
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eu(t) = 0.19e −0.272t + 0.023e
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function for each of the considered
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the minimum detectable activity of
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2.2.2 AVAILABLE MEASUREMENTS Immedi
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Table 2.2.4 Daily fecal excretion o
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elements the spectral distribution
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The phoswich detector is based on t
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HPGe crystals are produced in cylin
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This quantity is normally expressed
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The peak is located in the region B
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To introduce the second quantity, t
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Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.3.8 The Lawrence Livermore
Page 74 and 75: three detectors are used. Two detec
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.3.4 Efficiency factors of p
Page 78 and 79: • the necessity of performing mea
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.3.7 Impulses in the measure
Page 82 and 83: 2.4 ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BIOASS
Page 84 and 85: If more then one radionuclide is ma
Page 86 and 87: L A is the air layer in µgcm -2 ;
Page 88 and 89: The electrodeposition cell used for
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.4.1 238 Pu, 239 Pu and 241
Page 93 and 94: 3.1.1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 3.1.1.1 So
Page 95 and 96: calculating the amount of Plutonium
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 99 and 100: empirical curves given by Langham,
Page 101 and 102: the worst performance of the group.
Page 103 and 104: leave the total clearance from the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 3.1.4 shows that the use of
Page 107 and 108: 3.1.3 MODIFICATION OF ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 109 and 110: The structure of Polig’s skeleton
Page 111 and 112: Percentage daily urinary excretion
Page 113 and 114: of 0.693d -1 . The values of the F
Page 117 and 118: the basis of all the reference data
Page 119: Table 3.1.10 Transfer rates of the
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.1.13 Intakes and percentage
Page 125 and 126: soft tissue ST2 soft tissue ST0 sof
Page 127 and 128: For the routine application of Mode
Page 129 and 130: excreted by individuals aged sixty
Page 131 and 132: Table 3.1.20 Exponents and coeffici
Page 133 and 134: tract [57] to consider a contaminat
Page 135 and 136: The sensitivity coefficients for th
Page 137 and 138: Sensitivity coefficients S i Figure
Page 139 and 140: transfer rates on the Plutonium uri
Page 141 and 142: Geometric standard deviations rangi
Page 147 and 148: 3.2 APPLICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED MO
Page 149 and 150: lymph nodes, as in the LLNL phantom
Page 151 and 152: Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
Page 153 and 154: Daily urinary excretion [Bqd -1 ] 1
Page 155 and 156: long time is not yet described by t
Page 157 and 158: excretion that is one of the main i
Page 159 and 160: The comparison of model’s predict
Page 161 and 162: Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
Page 163 and 164: 153 CONCLUSIONS The optimized model
Page 165 and 166: Annex Quantities used in Radiologic
Page 167 and 168: present. As the radiation weighting
Page 169 and 170: w R is the radiation weighting fact
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161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Plutonium. W. K
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29. Nenot, J.-C. and Stather, J. W.
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55. International Atomic Energy Age
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81. Crowley, J., Lanz, H., Scott, K
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107. Hempelmann, L.H., Langham,W.H.
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137. Breitestein, B.D., Newton, C.E
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167. Harrison, J.D., Khursheed, A.,
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JOURNALS OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED T
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177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks
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Name: Andrea Luciani Date and place
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Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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