Plutonium Biokinetics in Human Body A. Luciani - Kit-Bibliothek - FZK

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To introduce the second quantity, the detection limit (L D), let’s consider the null hypothesis is wrongly accepted. This means that there is a contribution from the sample but it is decided that there is none. This is an error of second type, the probability of which shall be denoted as β. On the basis of this kind of error the detection limit is defined as the smallest expected value of the counts number for which, with a decision threshold as above defined, the probability of an error of the second type is equal to a predefined value β: P(N n
LD = 1 2 k ( 1− + k1− ) 2 2 1 + ( k1− + k1− ) N0 + s0 + 4 k ( 1− + k1− ) 2 59 equation 2.3.12 The minimum detectable activity (MDA) characterizes the system before performing any measurements, therefore it is defined on the basis of the detection limit. It is calculated as: equation 2.3. 13 where: t M is the time of measurement; y is the yield, i.e. the probability of emission of the considered radiation per nuclear transformation; ε is the efficiency factor. In case of direct measurements of activity in organs or whole body as considered in the aforementioned equations, “background” has a particular meaning because it is a “not contaminated subject ”. However the person’s background is determined by the radionuclides that are naturally present within body and that can significantly change from subject to subject. The MDA calculated on the basis of its background spectrum will be characteristic for such person. In order to have a more general description of MDA capability of a detecting system, a general background spectrum is normally calculated as average of background spectra of a reference group of not contaminated persons. The evaluations of MDA are then carried out on this average spectrum. DIN methodology is not applied to a phoswich detecting system. For such detector the MDA is calculated by substituting the L D with 2 times the standard deviation of the net counts rate in the region of interest in the spectrum [136]. The spectrum is evaluated by subtraction of four reference person’s background spectra with similar body proportions and potassium content. From the resulting differences the standard deviation is calculated. 2.3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.3.2.1 Description of the devices MDA = L D t Mεy The direct measurements of activity in organs and tissues were performed with both HPGe and phoswich detecting systems. Both systems are located in a shielded room with approximately inner dimensions: height 2.25 m; width 2.25 m; lenght 4.20 m. The room is accessible through a pneumatically moved steel door and shielded with four different layers. In decreasing order of Z they are: Steel (15 cm), Lead (3 mm), Tin (1.5 mm) and Copper (0.5 mm). The room is also equipped with a double ventilation system operating at 292 cm 3 h -1 and
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Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der
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Für diesen Bericht behalten wir un
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i ABSTRACT The biokinetic model pre
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das von der Interna
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1 INDEX OF CONTENTS INDEX OF SYMBOL
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3 INDEX OF SYMBOLS Here a short glo
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Chapter 1 Introduction 5
Page 18 and 19: the duties of the Department for Ra
Page 20 and 21: adionuclide. Therefore only isotope
Page 22 and 23: stabilise the +4 oxidation state [1
Page 24 and 25: techniques adopted in the early pha
Page 26 and 27: present in spent and MOX reactor fu
Page 28 and 29: INTRAVENOUS INJECTION skin WOUND bl
Page 30 and 31: functions, defined as retained and
Page 32 and 33: the contamination event, of such as
Page 34 and 35: Table 1.3.2 Indicative 239 Pu detec
Page 36 and 37: The kinetics of Plutonium in the ki
Page 38 and 39: 1.4.2 COMMENTS ON THE ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 41: Chapter 2 Data and measurements 31
Page 44 and 45: Therefore the radiolysis process, m
Page 46 and 47: Recent technologic developments in
Page 48 and 49: eu(t) = 0.19e −0.272t + 0.023e
Page 50 and 51: function for each of the considered
Page 52 and 53: the minimum detectable activity of
Page 54 and 55: 2.2.2 AVAILABLE MEASUREMENTS Immedi
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2.4 Daily fecal excretion o
Page 58 and 59: elements the spectral distribution
Page 60 and 61: The phoswich detector is based on t
Page 62 and 63: HPGe crystals are produced in cylin
Page 64 and 65: This quantity is normally expressed
Page 66 and 67: The peak is located in the region B
Page 70 and 71: 117 cm 3 h -1 for the incoming and
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.3.8 The Lawrence Livermore
Page 74 and 75: three detectors are used. Two detec
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.3.4 Efficiency factors of p
Page 78 and 79: • the necessity of performing mea
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.3.7 Impulses in the measure
Page 82 and 83: 2.4 ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BIOASS
Page 84 and 85: If more then one radionuclide is ma
Page 86 and 87: L A is the air layer in µgcm -2 ;
Page 88 and 89: The electrodeposition cell used for
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.4.1 238 Pu, 239 Pu and 241
Page 93 and 94: 3.1.1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 3.1.1.1 So
Page 95 and 96: calculating the amount of Plutonium
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 99 and 100: empirical curves given by Langham,
Page 101 and 102: the worst performance of the group.
Page 103 and 104: leave the total clearance from the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 3.1.4 shows that the use of
Page 107 and 108: 3.1.3 MODIFICATION OF ICRP 67 MODEL
Page 109 and 110: The structure of Polig’s skeleton
Page 111 and 112: Percentage daily urinary excretion
Page 113 and 114: of 0.693d -1 . The values of the F
Page 115 and 116: Percentage daily urinary excretion
Page 117 and 118: the basis of all the reference data
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Table 3.1.10 Transfer rates of the
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3.1.4 VERIFICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED
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Table 3.1.13 Intakes and percentage
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soft tissue ST2 soft tissue ST0 sof
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For the routine application of Mode
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excreted by individuals aged sixty
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Table 3.1.20 Exponents and coeffici
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tract [57] to consider a contaminat
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The sensitivity coefficients for th
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Sensitivity coefficients S i Figure
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transfer rates on the Plutonium uri
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Geometric standard deviations rangi
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Percentage daily urinary excretion
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Percentage daily urinary excretion
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3.2 APPLICATION OF THE OPTIMIZED MO
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lymph nodes, as in the LLNL phantom
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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Daily urinary excretion [Bqd -1 ] 1
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long time is not yet described by t
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excretion that is one of the main i
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The comparison of model’s predict
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Americium in the lungs [Bq] 1000 10
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153 CONCLUSIONS The optimized model
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Annex Quantities used in Radiologic
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present. As the radiation weighting
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w R is the radiation weighting fact
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161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Plutonium. W. K
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29. Nenot, J.-C. and Stather, J. W.
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55. International Atomic Energy Age
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81. Crowley, J., Lanz, H., Scott, K
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107. Hempelmann, L.H., Langham,W.H.
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137. Breitestein, B.D., Newton, C.E
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167. Harrison, J.D., Khursheed, A.,
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JOURNALS OWN PUBLICATIONS RELATED T
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177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks
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Name: Andrea Luciani Date and place
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