Health, Safety and Environment - International Labour Organization

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Manual 5:PESTICIDES AND HEALTH,SAFETY & THE ENVIRONMENTPesticides killInformationon pesticidesWhere arepesticidesused?Pesticides (the suffix ‘-icide’ means killer) are poisons designed to kill orcontrol “pests”. In addition to their inherent toxicity, many pesticides haveother undesirable properties. As the vast majority of pesticides aremanufactured, synthetic compounds – which do not exist naturally – thereare often no natural organisms which have evolved to break down thesepoisons into less harmful substances.As a result, many pesticides are also persistent in the human body, soilsand water, and bioaccumulative in food chains and the environment. Theyare one of the few groups of chemicals deliberately spread in theagricultural workplace and the general environment. These pesticidescross national boundaries, being transported through both air and sea, andaccumulate in the environment, particularly in colder climates, as theybreak down more slowly at lower temperatures. Their persistence andability to accumulate in body fat also means there are traces in mosthuman beings and all manner of wildlife, even in isolated parts of the globe(far away from their original point of use). For example, levels of persistentorganochlorine pesticides (e.g. DDT) – in excess of World HealthOrganisation safety limits – are found in the breast milk of Inhuit women inthe Arctic.There is no such thing as ‘safe use’ of pesticides, only sound management.Workers often have difficulty in finding out about the pesticides they use orare exposed to and the prevention and control measures needed. The rangeof pesticide products can be bewildering and the same chemical is oftenreferred to by a variety of terms which can be very confusing.Later in this Manual, there are specific materials that are designed to helpyou and your members find out and understand the information that youneed to track a pesticide in order to prevent or minimise the risks. We willlook at: the main ways of classifying pesticides in more detail what is in a can or packetformulation, labelling, product safety data sheets, risk assessments,and other sources of information which are vital for workers to find outabout a pesticideAgricultureCommercial agriculture/horticulture is the main area of use of pesticides.The more intensive the agricultural production, the greater the use ofpesticides. The control of diseases, insects and weeds in agricultural cropsis the prime objective, but pesticides also play an important role inlivestock, poultry and fish farm production, as well as crop and fibrestorage.In horticulture, high value produce, combined with the need for quality,often means intensive, programmed pesticide use and it is no accidentthat pesticide resistance problems develop most rapidly in glasshousesand polythene tunnels. The use of persistent, systemic pesticides can204 Health, Safety and EnvironmentA Series of Trade Union EducationManuals for Agricultural Workers
Manual 5:PESTICIDES AND HEALTH,SAFETY & THE ENVIRONMENTcause pesticide residue problems in fruit, salad and vegetables. Pesticideshowever are also being increasingly used in smaller-scale, evensubsistence-type, agriculture.Pesticides play a central role in livestock and poultry production to help: control of flies, lice, mice, rats, mice etc. in and around livestockhouses/areas control of external parasitic pests (ectoparasites) on livestock includingfish/shrimps. Pesticides used for this purpose are applied externally tothe animals’ skin (including fish), and are often legally re-classified as‘animal/veterinary medicines’Huge areas of forest land may be routinely treated with pesticides, oftenfrom the air. Insecticides are often routinely sprayed from the air forcontrol of caterpillar pests.Preventing crop losses in storage and during shipment/transport is anotherimportant area of agricultural pesticide use. Insecticides, rodenticides andpesticide fumigants are widely used to control fungal and insect pests inbulk crop/commodity storage warehouses/silos, as well as ship and aircraftholds and container lorries.Public Health ProgrammesPesticides are routinely used in public health programmes for control ofhuman diseases, especially in rural areas. A wide range of ‘animals’ (a termwhich also covers insects and insect-type pests in this instance) act ascarriers (vectors) in the transmission of disease from humans to humansand from animals to humans.Common examples of diseases spread by vectors from human to humaninclude malaria (mosquitoes), trypanosiamosis or sleeping sickness (tsetsefly), river blindness and bilharzia.Diseases capable of being transferred from animals to humans are referredto as ‘zoonoses’. Examples of insect/rodent diseases transmitted fromanimals to humans include leptospirosis or Weil’s disease), salmonellosis,plague, typhus and haemorrhagic fever.Vector control often involves large-scale, compulsory pesticide applicationprogrammes in and around agricultural workplaces includinghousing/living quarters and food stores. DDT, a toxic and persistentinsecticide, is still widely used, for example, for control of malaria-carryingmosquitoes. Pesticide-treated bed-nets are also used.Other usesPesticides are also used for preservation purposes, such as woodpreservatives, for example against termites. Amenity and industrial weedcontrol is also another major area of pesticide use. Some pesticides arealso approved, on a country by country basis, for aquatic use to controlharmful species of fish, aquatic weeds and on the banks of lakes, riversand canals.205 Health, Safety and EnvironmentA Series of Trade Union EducationManuals for Agricultural Workers
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Health, Safetyand EnvironmentIntern
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Copyright © 2004 International Lab
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TeamMuch more than a department of
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FOREWORDRon Oswald, General Secreta
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IntroductionINTRODUCTION About this
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Introduction The global food chain
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IntroductionWhen national regulatio
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Appendix 1:IUF BRIEFINGAppendix 1:I
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Appendix 1:IUF BRIEFINGWhat are the
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Health, Safety and Environment - International Labour Organization

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