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Manual 5:PESTICIDES AND HEALTH,SAFETY & THE ENVIRONMENTCarbamate cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticidesSymptoms of acute carbamate poisoning are similar to those for OP pesticides and can beas severe.Highlights cause reversible locking up (carbamylation) of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at nerveendings absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and skin penetration muscarinic, nicotinic, and CNS effects antidotes can help free (‘reverse’) some of the locked up AcTe which can then act toreduce levels of acetylcholine to normalSigns and symptoms headache, salivation, muscle twitching, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea malaise, muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating, seizure, loss of consciousness CNS depression, pulmonary oedema in serious casesSynthetic pyrethroid insecticidesSynthetic pyrethroid insecticides (SPIs) are similar chemically to the natural pesticide,pyrethrum, but have been modified to increase stability to light and heat in the naturalenvironment. SPIs were introduced because of the health problems associated with OP andcarbamate pesticides, as they are generally less toxic to mammals than the previous twogroups of chemicals.Acute poisoning Central nervous system toxicity is the most severe although more uncommon than theforms described below. Seizures have been reported in cases of severe SPI intoxication.Seizures are more common with exposure to the more toxic cyano-SPIs, which includefenvalerate, flucythrinate, cypermethrin, deltapermethrin, and fluvalinate Other signs and symptoms of toxicity include abnormal facial sensation, dizziness,salivation, headache, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhoea, and irritabilty to sound and touch. Inmore severe cases, pulmonary edema and fasciculations can developIrritant effectsSPIs can cause distressing symptoms when liquid or volatalised materials contact humanskin. Sensations are described as stinging, burning, itching, and tingling, progressing tonumbness. The skin of the face seems to be most commonly affected but the face,hands, forearms and neck are involved Sweating, exposure to sun or heat, and application of water enhance the disagreeablesensations. Sometimes the effect is noted within minutes of exposure but a 1-2 hourdelay in appearance of symptoms is common. Sensations rarely persist more than 24hours Little or no inflammatory reaction is apparent where such symptoms are reported; theeffect is presumed to result from pyrethroid contact with sensory nerve ending in theskin. This is not allergic in nature230 Health, Safety and EnvironmentA Series of Trade Union EducationManuals for Agricultural Workers
Manual 5:PESTICIDES AND HEALTH,SAFETY & THE ENVIRONMENTSynthetic pyrethroid insecticides (continued)Sensitisation and allergic reactionsSuch effects due to exposure to SPIs have been reported. SPIs are not cholinesteraseinhibitors. However, there have been some cases in which pyrethroid poisoning has beenmisdiagnosed as OP poisoning, due to some of the similar symptoms, and some patientshave died from atropine toxicity when this antidote was mistakenly over-administered.Organochlorine insecticides (OC)This group contains many persistent and bioaccumulative substances, resulting in chronichealth problems, but only the acutely toxic effects are dealt with hereSigns and symptoms absorbed dose is stored in fat tissue in the body sensory disturbances, excessive sensibility, especially of the skin, headache, dizziness,nausea, hyperexcitable state convulsionsA significant part of an absorbed OC dose, especially DDT, is stored in fat tissue as theunchanged parent compound. Some OCs or their breakdown products (notably DDE,dieldrin, mirex, heptachlor, epoxide, chlordecone) persist in tissues and blood for weeks ormonths after absorption.231 Health, Safety and EnvironmentA Series of Trade Union EducationManuals for Agricultural Workers
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Health, Safetyand EnvironmentIntern
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Copyright © 2004 International Lab
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TeamMuch more than a department of
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FOREWORDRon Oswald, General Secreta
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IntroductionINTRODUCTION About this
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Introduction The global food chain
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IntroductionWhen national regulatio
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Appendix 1:IUF BRIEFINGAppendix 1:I
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Appendix 1:IUF BRIEFINGWhat are the
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Health, Safety and Environment - International Labour Organization

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